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Erik H.

Erikson
Kenneth Estrella, Larinel Fiedacan & Jerene Lopez

Post-Freudian Theory
Extended Freuds infantile developmental stages into adolescence, adulthood and old age - Regarded by Erikson as an extension of psychoanalysis
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Kenneth Estrella

Identity crisis
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A turning point in ones life that may either strengthen or weaken ones personality

Kenneth Estrella

STRUCTURE

Kenneth Estrella

Ego
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No clear structure given but Erikson gave focus on this A positive force that helps create a selfidentity, a sense of I Center of personality Partially unconscious organizing agency that synthesizes our present experiences with past self-identities and anticipated images of self Childhood (weak, fragile) Adulthood (strong with form)
Kenneth Estrella

Ego
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Divided into three:


- Body ego (experiences with our body) - Ego ideal (comparison of our image with an established ideal) - Ego identity (image of ourselves in the various roles we play)

Kenneth Estrella

PROCESS

Kenneth Estrella

Societys Influence
The ego emerges from and is largely shaped by society - It exists as potential at birth, but must emerge from within a cultural environment
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Kenneth Estrella

Societys Influence
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Pseudospecies - an illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by a particular society that is somehow chosen to be the human species

Kenneth Estrella

Epigenetic Principle
Borrowed from embryology - The ego develops stage-by-stage; each stage develops at its proper time
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Kenneth Estrella

Epigenetic Principle
Borrowed from embryology - The ego develops stage-by-stage; each stage develops at its proper time
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Kenneth Estrella

Anything that grows has a ground plan, and that out of this ground plan the parts arise, each part having its time of special ascendency, until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole (Erikson, 1968, p. 92)

Kenneth Estrella

GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

Kenneth Estrella

Basic Points:
1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle There is an interaction between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element The conflict between the elements produces an ego quality or ego strength (basic strength) Too little basic strength results in a core pathology There are biological aspects to the psychosocial stages of development Ego identity is shaped by a multiplicity of conflicts and events-past, present and anticipated Personality development is characterized by an identity crisis

Kenneth Estrella

Stages of Psychosocial Development


Infancy II. Early Childhood III. Play Age IV. School Age V. Adolescence VI. Young Adulthood VII. Adulthood VIII. Old Age
I.
Kenneth Estrella

Infancy
1st year of life - Parallels Freuds oral phase - Time of incorporation, not only through the mouth but through the various sense organs as well - The infant has significant relations with the mothering one
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Kenneth Estrella

Infancy
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Oral-Sensory Mode
- Characterized by two modes of incorporationreceiving and accepting what is given - Receiving (possible in the absence of people) - Accepting Infants must not only get, but they also must get someone else to give

Kenneth Estrella

Infancy
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Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust


- Basic trust if the infants pattern of accepting things corresponds with the cultures way of giving things - Basic mistrust no correspondence between their oral-sensory needs and their environment

Kenneth Estrella

Infancy
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Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust


- Both attitudes most be developed - Too much trust = gullible and vulnerable - Too little trust = frustration, anger, hostility, cynicism or depression

Kenneth Estrella

When we enter a situation, we must be able to differentiate how much we can trust and how much we must mistrust, and I use mistrust in the sense of a readiness for danger and an anticipation of discomfort (Erikson, 1967, p. 15)

Kenneth Estrella

Infancy
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Basic Strength: Hope


- Emerges if the infant overcomes the conflict of basic trust vs. basic mistrust - The infant will learn to expect that future distresses will meet with satisfactory outcomes - If crisis is not solved, it will result in withdrawal, the opposite of hope

Kenneth Estrella

Early Childhood
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2nd and 3rd years of life Parallels Freuds anal phase Young children receive pleasure by mastering body functions such as walking, throwing, holding, etc. Time of contradiction (i.e. rebellion vs. compliance, cooperation and resistance, etc.) Significant relations is with the parents
Kenneth Estrella

Early Childhood
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Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode
- Children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility (i.e. toilet training) - With the activities the child engages in, he/she may display stubborn tendencies

Kenneth Estrella

Early Childhood
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt


- Children are likely to find a culture that attempts to inhibit some of their selfexpression - Autonomy grows out of basic trust - Too little autonomy = difficulty in subsequent stages - Shame and Doubt grow out of basic mistrust

Kenneth Estrella

Early Childhood
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Basic Strength: Will


- First step of free will and willpower - Emerges if the child overcomes the conflict of autonomy vs. shame and doubt - Can develop only when the childs environment allows him/her some self-expression in their control of their muscles - Otherwise, it will result in inadequate will or compulsion

Kenneth Estrella

Play Age
3 to 5 years Parallels Freuds phallic phase Oedipus complex Children develop locomotion, language skills, curiosity, imagination and the ability to set goals - Also being developed is conscience and they attach labels of what is right and wrong - Significant relations is with the family
Kenneth Estrella

Play Age
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Genital-Locomotor Mode
- Erikson saw the Oedipal situation as a prototype of the lifelong power of human playfulness - The childs interest in genital activity is accompanied by their increasing facility at locomotion - The will from the previous stage is evolving into activity with purpose

Kenneth Estrella

Play Age
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Initiative vs. Guilt


- As children begin to move around more and as their genital interest awakens, they adopt an intrusive head-on mode of approaching the world - The initiative is adopted in their selection and pursuit of goals - Guilt however occurs when they are inhibited, repressed or delayed

Kenneth Estrella

Play Age
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Initiative vs. Guilt


- Unbridled initiative = chaos and lack of moral principles - Dominant guilt = compulsively moralisitic or overly inhibited

Kenneth Estrella

Play Age
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Basic Strength: Purpose


- With purpose, children play to win, decide on which parent will be the object of sexual desires and set their own goals - The youthful conscience formed becomes the cornerstone of morality - Otherwise, inhibition will be formed

Kenneth Estrella

School Age
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6 to 12 or 13 years Parallels Freuds latency phase The social world of children now includes peers, teachers and other adult models They wish to know more and strive for competence Time of tremendous social growth Significant relations is with the neighborhood and school
Jerene Lopez

School Age
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Latency
- It is important because it allows children to divert their energies to learning the technology of their culture and the strategies of their social interactions - As they work and play, they begin to form a picture of themselves as either competent or incompetent

Jerene Lopez

School Age
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Industry vs. Inferiority


- Industry means industriousness; a willingness to remain busy with something and to finish a job - But if their work is insufficient to reach their goals, they acquire a sense of inferiority - The ratio should be in favor of industry, but inferiority should not be avoided

Jerene Lopez

School Age
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Industry vs. Inferiority


- Inferiority oversupply = blockage of productive creativity - Inferiority = impetus to do ones best

Jerene Lopez

School Age
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Basic Strength: Competence


- Confidence to use ones physical and cognitive abilities to solve problems - Lays the foundation for co-operative participation in productive adult life - Inertia will form if the struggle favors inferiority or an overabundance of industry

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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13 to 19 years One of the most crucial developmental stages By the end of this period, a person must have a firm sense of ego identity A period of social latency An adaptive phase of personality development, a period of trial and error Significant relations is with peer groups
Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Puberty
- Defined as genital maturation - It triggers expectations of adult roles that are essentially social and can only be filled through attaining ego identity

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion


- Adolescents look for new roles to help them discover their sexual, ideological and occupational identities - The search for ego identity reaches a climax during adolescence as young people strive to find out who they are and who they are not

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Identity
- Can come from two sources:
1. Adolescents affirmation or repudiation of childhood identifications 2. Historical and social contexts

- Defined both positively and negatively

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Identity Confusion
- A syndrome of problems that includes a divided self-image, an inability to establish intimacy, a sense of time urgency, a lack of concentration on required tasks, and a rejection of family or community standards - Too much confusion = regression to earlier stages of development

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion


- With proper ratio of the two, we will have:
1. Faith in some sort of ideological principle 2. The ability to freely decide how we should behave 3. Trust in our peers and adults 4. Confidence in our choice of an eventual occupation

Jerene Lopez

Adolescence
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Basic Strength: Fidelity


- Faith in ones ideology - Each syntonic element from the past stages help in the development of fidelity - Its pathological counterpart is role repudiation

Jerene Lopez

Young Adulthood
19 to 30 years - After achieving a sense of identity, a person must fuse that identity with the identity of another person while maintaining their sense of individuality - Significant relations is with sexual partners and friends
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Jerene Lopez

Young Adulthood
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Genitality
- Distinguished by mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person

Jerene Lopez

Young Adulthood
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Intimacy vs. Isolation


- Intimacy - ability to fuse ones identity with that of another person without the fear of losing it - Isolation incapacity to take chances with ones identity by sharing true intimacy

Jerene Lopez

Young Adulthood
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Basic Strength: Love


- Mature devotion that overcomes basic differences between men and women - Its antipathy is exclusivity

Jerene Lopez

Adulthood
31 to 60 years (longest stage of development ) - Time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces - Significant relations is with divided labor and shared household
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Jerene Lopez

Adulthood
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Procreativity
- More than genital contact with an intimate partner - Includes assuming responsibility for the care of the offspring resulted from sexual contact

Jerene Lopez

Adulthood
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Generativity vs. Stagnation


- Generativity the generations of new beings as well as new products and new ideas

- Stagnation a feeling of self-absorption and too much self-indulgence

Jerene Lopez

Adulthood
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Basic Strength: Care


- It is a widening commitment to take care of the persons, the products and the ideas one has learned to care for - Not a duty or obligation but a natural desire - The antipathy of care is rejectivity

Jerene Lopez

Old Age
61 years onwards - Old people may no longer be able to procreate, but they can still be creative and productive - Significant relations is with all humanity
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Jerene Lopez

Old Age
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Generalized sensuality
- To take pleasure in a variety of different physical sensations - May also include a greater appreciation for the traditional lifestyle of the opposite sex

Jerene Lopez

Old Age
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Integrity vs. despair


- Integrity a feeling of wholeness and coherence

- Despair literally means to be without hope

Jerene Lopez

Old Age
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Basic Strength: Wisdom


- Informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself - Draws from and contributes to the traditional knowledge passed from generation to generation - Its antithesis is disdain

Jerene Lopez

Summary of Psychosocial Stages


Stage Old Age Adulthood
Young adulthood
Psychosexual mode
Generalization of sensual modes

Psychosocial crisis

Basic Strength

Core Pathology

Significant Relations

Integrity vs. despair


Generativity vs. stagnation

Wisdom Care Love Fidelity


Competence

Disdain
Rejectivity Exclusivity
Role repudiation

All humanity
Divided labor

Procreativity

Genitality Puberty Latency


Infantile-genitallocomotor

Intimacy vs. Isolation


Identity vs. identity confusion

Sexual partners Peer groups


Neighborhood

Adolescence

School age

Industry vs. inferiority Initiative vs. guilt Autonomy vs. shame, doubt

Inertia Inhibition
Compulsion

Play age
Early childhood

Purpose Will Hope

Family Parents
Mothering one

Anal-urethralmuscular
Oral-respiratory; sensorykinesthetic

Infancy

Basic trust vs. mistrust

Withdrawal

Jerene Lopez

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Larinel Fiedacan

Types
Maladaptations
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Malignancies
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Too much of a good thing Favors too much on the syntonic element

Not enough good quality Favors too much on the dystonic element

Larinel Fiedacan

Infancy
Sensory maladjustment
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Withdrawal
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Overly trusting, even gullible Unrealistic, spoilt, deluded

Social and emotional detachment Neurotic, depressive and being afraid

Larinel Fiedacan

Early Childhood
Impulsiveness
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Compulsion
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A sort of shameless willfulness that leads you to jump into things without proper consideration Reckless, inconsiderate, thoughtless

Repetitive behaviors motivated by impulse or restrictions against the expression of impulse Anal, constrained and self-limiting

Larinel Fiedacan

Play Age
Ruthlessness
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Inhibition
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Theyd do anything to achieve their goals, even step on others Exploitative, uncaring, dispassionate

A psychological restraint that prevents freedom of thought, expression, and activity Risk-averse and unadventurous

Larinel Fiedacan

School Age
Narrow virtuosity
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Inertia
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A childs childhood is second priority Workaholic, obsessive specialist

A paralysis of action and thought that prevents productive work Lazy, apathetic and purposeless

Larinel Fiedacan

Adolescence
Fanaticism
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Role repudiation
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My way is the only way Self-important, extremist

Rejection of roles and values that are viewed as alien to the later adolescent Socially disconnected and cut-off

Larinel Fiedacan

Young Adulthood
Promiscuity
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Exclusivity
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The tendency to become intimate too freely, too easily, and without any depth to your intimacy Sexually needy, vulnerable

Shutting out of others Loner, cold and selfcontained

Larinel Fiedacan

Adulthood
Overextension
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Rejectivity
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Too many priorities = too little contribution Do-gooder, busybody, meddling

Unwillingness to include certain others or groups of others in one's generative concern Disinterested and cynical

Larinel Fiedacan

Old Age
Presumption
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Disdain
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When one presumes ego integrity without facing the difficulties of old age Conceited, pompous, arrogant

A feeling of scorn for the weakness and frailty of oneself and others Miserable, unfulfilled and blaming

Larinel Fiedacan

CHANGE

Larinel Fiedacan

Anthropological Studies
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Through this, Erikson was able to show that early childhood training was consistent with strong cultural values and that history and society helped shape personality

Larinel Fiedacan

Psychohistory
Combines psychoanalytic concepts with historical methods - The study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of psychoanalysis and history - Used this to demonstrate that each person is a product of his/her historical time which in turn are influenced by exceptional leaders with identity conflicts
Larinel Fiedacan

Play Construction
Experimented on 10-12 children - Boys would build towers while girls would build low peaceful scenes - He concluded that anatomical differences played a role in personality development
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Larinel Fiedacan

CRITIQUE

Larinel Fiedacan

Evaluation
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Ability to generate research is somewhat higher than average Falsifiability is average Ability to organize knowledge is average Average as a guide to action High on internal consistency Parsimony is moderate

Larinel Fiedacan

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

Larinel Fiedacan

Concepts of Humanity
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Had a middle position for determinism vs. free choice Somewhat optimistic than pessimistic High on causality than teleology Mixed position for conscious vs. unconscious determinants More social than biological More on uniqueness than similarities
Larinel Fiedacan

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