Noise

Noise
Definition: The unwanted sound but it is subjective definition as one man sound could be another mans noise So noise is:
Wrong

sound, in the wrong place, at the wrong time

Noise Sources: Occupational exposure to noise occurs in most of industries examples are : iron and steel industry, grinding of stones, spinning and waving industries, construction industry

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boilers, electric generators , motors of machines and traffics -Automobiles, Air crafts -Fairs, festivals & public gathering -Hammering of metals -Military exposure (explosion & shooting) -Aviation & submarines

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Properties: - Noise has two important properties: Loudness or intensity Frequency Loudness: Depends on the amplitude of vibrations which initiated the sound

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Loudness of noise is measured by the

decibel

When we say that sound is 60 dB, it means it is 60 dB more intense than the smallest distinguishable noise or reference sound pressure which is understood to be 0.0002 microbar or dynes/cm2

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A dyne is 1/1000000th of atmospheric pressure Normal conversation produces a noise of 60-65 dB Whispering 20-30 dB Heavy street traffic 60-80 dB Factories 120 dB

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Train

passing station 110 dB Motor car horn 120 dB Threshold of pain 140 dB Mechanical damage 160 dB

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A daily exposure up to 85 db is about the limit people can tolerate without substantial damage This scale is logarithmic measurement of human hearing that through standardization, has defined 0 dB HL as the faintest sound that the average normal hearing young adult can detect

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Frequency: Is the number of waves passing a point in a second Denoted as Hertz, and one hertz is one wave per second Human ear can hear frequencies 20 to 20,000 hertz but it reduces with age and other factors

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Range of vibrations below 20 Hz are infra audible and those above 20000 Hz are ultrasonic Effects of noise: I-Auditory effects: Noise induced hearing loss: From the trauma to the sensory epithelium of the cochlea

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The most obvious injury is to the stereocilia of the inner hair cells and outer hair cells which may become distorted or disrupted All structure of Corti can be affected, vascular, chemical and metabolic changes occurring in the sensory cells cause loss of stereocilia stiffness

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Initially,

vascular, chemical and metabolic changes are potentially reversible, given time, the hearing will recover This is called temporary threshold shift, it may last for several hours

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If

exposure to noise continues, it results in permanent loss of stereocilia With apparent fracture of the rootlet structure and destruction of hair cells, this is called permanent hearing loss

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Noise

induced hearing loss is usually severe around 4000 Hz With downward extension toward the speech frequencies 500-3000 Hz occurring only after prolonged or severe exposure

Noise Clinical findings: Patients with noise induced hearing loss complain of gradual deterioration in hearing, the most common complain is difficulty comprehending speech especially in the presence of competing background noise

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induced hearing loss is frequently accompanied by tinnitus and it may cause inability to fall a sleep or to concentrate when in a quiet room Formal audiometric examination usually reveals a bilateral,

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predominantly

high frequency sensorineural hearing loss with a maximum drop of the pure tone thresholds occurring at or around 4000 Hz on the pure tone audiogram

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The 4000 Hz notch which frequently develops relatively early in the work exposure to hazardous noise The hearing loss is noise induced hearing loss is bilateral although asymmetry can exist particularly when the source of the noise is lateralized

Noise II-Non auditory effects: 1-interference with speech: In everyday life, the frequencies causing most disturbance to speech communication lie in the 300-500 Hz range

Effects of Noise Exposure

. 2-Interference with spoken communication

Noise pollution interferes with the ability to comprehend normal speech and may lead to a number of personal disabilities, handicaps, and behavioural changes. These include problems with concentration, fatigue, uncertainty, lack of self confidence, irritation, misunderstandings, decreased working capacity, disturbed interpersonal relationships, and stress reactions

Effects of Noise Exposure

3- Cardiovascular Disturbances A growing body of evidence confirms that noise pollution has both temporary and permanent effects on humans by way of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.

Noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic nervous system responses that affect the cardiovascular system and thus may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

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4- Annoyance: 5-Psychological response, neurotic people are more sensitive to noise, irritated, short tempered and agitated 6-Efficiency

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Physiological changes: Rise in blood pressure Rise in intracranial pressure Increase heart rate and breathing and sweating Nausea, fatigue may also occur Visual disturbance, cause narrowing of pupils, affect color perception and reduce night vision

Effects of Noise Exposure

6- Disturbances in Mental Health

Noise pollution is assumed to accelerate and intensify the development of latent mental disorders

Noise pollution may cause or contribute to the following adverse effects: anxiety, stress, nervousness,

Effects of Noise Exposure

nausea, headache, emotional instability, argumentativeness, sexual impotence, changes in mood, increase in social conflicts, neurosis, hysteria, and psychosis. .

Effects of Noise Exposure

7- Impaired

Task Performance

Noise pollution impairs task performance at school and at work, increases errors, and decreases motivation. Reading attention, problem solving, and memory are most strongly affected by noise.
Negative Social Behaviour and Annoyance Reactions

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Control of noise and prevention: Noise monitoring Engineering control Administrative controls Worker education Selection and use of hearing protection devices Periodic audiometric evaluations

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monitoring: Sampling strategy must be designed and noise monitored in terms of frequency ( low, high or mixed) intensity (how loud it is) and type (continuous, intermittent or impulse)

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Engineering

control: Use of enclosure (to isolate the receiver), barriers (to reduce acoustic energy along the path) or distance (to increase the path and reduce the acoustic energy at the receiver) to reduce worker noise exposure

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Administrative control: Reducing amount of time a given worker might be exposed to a noise source in order to prevent TWA noise exposure from reaching 85 dB Prevention of introduction of equipment that would increase worker noise dose

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Worker education: Good worker education program describes:

Program

objectives Existing noise hazards How hearing loss occurs

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Purpose

of audiometric testing What workers can do to protect themselves

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Hearing protection devices: Three basic types: 1-Ear plugs or aurals (premolded, formable, custom molded) 2-Canal caps or semiaurals 3-Ear muffs or circumaurals (which surround the ear)

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Audiometric evaluation: Pure tone audiometry: Sensitivity to pure tone are measured at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 for both air conduction and bone conduction When both air and bone conduction are decreased a sensori- neural hearing loss exists

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Control of noise: Careful planning of cities Control of vehicles Acoustic insulation of buildings Industries and railways Protection of exposed persons Legislation Education

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