Origins of Ad Hoc: Packet Radio Networks

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Chapter 2

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Introduction: Packet Radio Networks

radios

Fixed or mobile nodes that communicate via

Advantages:

Fast (re)deployment and set-up of network Ability to support mobile nodes

Disadvantage: complications due to

Dynamic nature of the network topology

Ad-hoc networks vs. fixed networks Key Advantage - Dynamic sharing of bandwidth
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among multiple users

Introduction: Packet Radio Networks

rapid deployment. self-organizing.

One of the most attractive features of PRNET is Once installed, the system is self-initializing and The network nodes discover radio connectivity

among neighbouring nodes and organize routing strategies based on that connectivity.

Self-configuring infrastructurelessnetworkof mobile devices connected bywirelesslinks

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Technical Challenges
1. Flow control over a wireless multi-hop

communication route
2. Error control over wireless links 3. Deriving and maintaining network topology

information
4. Deriving accurate routing information 5. Mechanisms to handle router mobility 6. Shared channel access by multiple users 7. Processing capability of terminals
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Architecture of PRNETs

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Architecture of PRNETs

The network architecture of PRNETs, which

comprises mobile devices/terminals, packet radios, and repeaters. The static station is optional.
A PRNET consists of several mobile radio repeaters,

wireless terminals, and dedicated mobile stations.

The role of a repeater is to relay packets from one

repeater to another, until the packets reach the destination host.

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Architecture of PRNETs

As network conditions change, routes are

dynamically reassigned by the station to satisfy minimum delay criteria.

Hosts and terminals attached to the PRNET are

unaware of the station's assignment and reassignment of communication routes.

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Components of Packet Radios

The interface of a data terminal to a packet

radio

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Components of Packet Radios

The user computer is interfaced to a radio via the

terminal-network controller (TNC)

The user computer - mobile device/terminal The radio and TNC logic referred to as -the packet

radio

A packet radio network (PRN) is a collection of

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radios, with some packet radios connected

Routing in PRNETs
Point-to-Point Routing Broadcast Routing Packet Forwarding Impact of Mobility

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Point-to-Point Routing

For point-to-point communications A packet moves through a series of one or

more repeaters until it reaches the final destination.

point-to-point route - an ordered set of

repeater addresses that is determined by the mobile station.

Mobile station is the only element in the

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Broadcast Routing
In broadcast routing, a packet radiates away

from the source packet radio

Not efficient for two-party communications

since all other nodes in the network must participate in the transmission and reception of packets that are not intended for them.
the destination host address is included in

each data packet.

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Broadcast Routing
To ensure that each packet radio only forwards a

packet once, each repeater has to maintain a list of packet identifiers for previously broadcast packets that it recently had received and forwarded.

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Packet Forwarding
2 Approaches The Connectionless Approach The Connection-oriented Approach The connectionless approach to packet

forwarding requires some background operation to maintain up-to-date network topology and link information in each node.
This is commonly associated with broadcast
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Packet Forwarding
In the connection-oriented packet forwarding

approach, an explicit route establishment phase is required before data traffic can be transported.
This approach is commonly associated with point-

to-point routing, where each node in a route has a lookup table for forwarding incoming packets to the respective outgoing links.

Hence, if a topology changes, a route re-

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phase is needed.

Impact of Mobility
In a PRNET, all elements of the network can

be mobile.

When the user rate of mobility is increased,

point-to-point routing may not be practical

Most of the time will be spent in computing

alternate point-to-point routes instead of forwarding the packets to their intended destinations. 4/13/12

Impact of Mobility
Broadcast routing is less affected by user

mobility

The packets do not follow a specific point-to-

point route.

Instead, every node is supposed to relay the

packets, and hence, the destination host will receive the packet eventually.
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Route Calculation
Each packet radio gathers and maintains

information about current network topology

Each node maintains the following tables:
1. Neighbor table 2. Tier table 3. Device table

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Neighbor Table

Packet radio broadcasts a Packet Radio Organization Packet (PROP) every 7.5 seconds

To announce its existence Neighbors that hear a PROP update their neighbor tables

Contain information about the neighbors. Also tracks the bidirectional quality of the link to
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and from those neighbors

Neighbor Table

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Tier Table
The tier information ripples outward from each packet

radio at an average rate of 3.75 seconds per hop and eventually reaches all packet radios.
Every packet radio knows its distance in tiers (or radio

hops) from itself to every prospective destination and the next-hop packet radio.

Tier 1 = 1 hop neighbors

Best Route : shortest route with good connectivity 4/13/12

Tier Table

When a link (for example, from node A to B) to a neighboring packet radio turns bad, all routes in node A's tier table for which node B is the nexthop packet radio will also be marked bad. Also disseminate information about bad links in PROP messages

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Device Table
Logical addressing: maps device to a packet

radio

Each mobile device/terminal periodically sends a

control packet across the wired interface to its attached packet radio.
Information about the radios attached device is

included in PROP messages

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Device Table
A packet radio keeps track of affiliated devices and

propagates this mapping information via a PROP to other packet radios in the network at an average rate of 3.75 seconds per hop.

This allows new radios to be attached to devices and vice

versa

Such correspondences are maintained in the device table

at each packet radio

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Principles of Packet Forwarding

path hop-by-hop and is acknowledged at every packet radio along the path.

In PRNETs, a packet traverses over a chosen

Forwarding is accomplished via information

read from the device and tier tables, and from the packet headers.

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Principles of Packet Forwarding

ETE Header
The end-to-end header (ETE) is created by the source mobile

device/terminal, not the packet radio.

It includes
the source device ID/address, which is used to update the

packet radio's device-to-packet radio mapping information forwarding.

the destination device ID/address, which is used in packet

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Principles of Packet Forwarding

The Structure of a Routing Header

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Pacing Techniques
The pacing protocol provides flow and congestion control

while ensuring fair use of the radio channel.

A single threading technique is employed, which requires

that a packet transmitted to a certain next packet radio be acknowledged (or discarded) before another packet is sent to the same packet radio.

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Pacing Techniques
Three packet radios engaged in forwarding packets. The transmitting packet radio L must allow time for the next

packet radio M
to receive L's transmission to forward it on also to receive the acknowledgment from its next packet

radio N.

The source packet radio must ensure that

its immediate neighbor has succesfully received and

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Pacing Techniques
If it waits for only a two-frame period, it has no way of

knowing if packet radio N has successfully received the packet from M.

This means that no packet radio can transmit more than one

third of the time.

Packet radio L must, therefore, wait to transmit Packet 2

until three times the forwarding delay has elapsed since its transmission of the first packet.

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Three-frame packet forwarding in PRNETs

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Media Access in PRNETs

The Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocol to

coordinate communications among mobile hosts.

CSMA prevents a packet radio from transmitting at the same

time when a neighboring packet radio is using the medium.

A packet radio is aware if a neighbor is transmitting by

reading its hardware indication bit-synchronization-in-thelock.

This bit, when set, implies that the channel is busy and a

carrier is being sensed.

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Flow Acknowledgments in PRNETs

Packets are forwarded via a single communication route

through a PRNET.

Each packet radio examines the information contained in the

packet headers and in its own device and tier tables.

Each packet radio must decide if it should be the one to

transmit the packet, if it should update the routing header before transmitting, and if it should update its own tables.

Other packet radios within the radio range will also each

receive the transmitted packet. 4/13/12

The principles 4/13/12

of passive and active packet

Flow Acknowledgments in PRNETs

the packet and proceed with issuing a passive acknowledgment.

The downstream node that receives the packet will process

The single transmission, therefore, not only forwards the

packet on to the next packet radio but also acknowledges the previous packet radio that the packet was successfully received and is being forwarded.

This principle of passive acknowledgment will proceed until

the packet reaches the destination node.

Since the destination node does not have a downstream

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