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Assessment of Immune Function

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The Immune System

Automimmunity Hypersensitivty Gammopathies Immune deficiencies: primary and secondary 4/13/12

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Immunity: the bodys specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism Immunopathology: the study of diseases that result from dysfunction of the immune system Immune disorders:

Central and Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

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Development of Cells of the Immune System

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Lymphocytes

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow; T lymphocytes mature in the thymus where they also differentiate into cells with various functions

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Lymphoid system- immune response

Primary lymphoid organs 1. Thymus production of t-cells hormones that affect t-cells differentiation 2. Bone marrow Antigen processing Cell-mediated and humoral immunity Recognition and removal of old cell

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Secondary lymphoid organ Lymph nodes Spleen Mucosal Tonsils

Body recognizes foreign proteins antigen

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The complement response

a. b. c. d.

Immune response without cell participation. Complement CHON activate one or more following responses. Phagocytosis Inflammatory reaction Cytotoxic function If complement response is not controlled, host cells may be destroyed.

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Immune Function

Natural immunity: nonspecific response to any foreign invader

White

blood cell action: release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances Inflammatory response Physical barriers, such as intact skin, chemical barriers, and acidic gastric secretions or enzymes in tears and saliva

Acquired immunity: specific against a foreign antigen 4/13/12

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Stages of Immune Response

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Defenses

Phagocytic immune response Humoral or antibody response Cellular immune response

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Role of Antibodies

Agglutination of antigens Opsonization Promote release of vasoactive substances; activation of complement system and phagocytosis Act in concert with other components of the immune system Types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, and IgM
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Antibody Molecule

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AntigenAntibody Binding

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Cellular Immune Response

B lymphocytes: humoral immunity

Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines, and stimulate immune system responses Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory cells Suppressor T cells (suppress immune response)
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T lymphocytes: cellular immunity

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Non-T and Non-B Lymphocytes Involved in Immune Null cells Response

Destroy antigen coated with antibody

Natural killer cells

Defend against microorganisms and some malignant cells

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Complement-Mediated Immune Responses

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Age and gender Nutrition Presence of conditions and disorders: cancer/neoplasm, chronic illness, autoimmune disorders, surgery/trauma Allergies History of infection and immunization Genetic factors Lifestyle Medications and transfusions: see Table 4/13/12

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Variables That Affect Immune System Function

Tests to Evaluate Immune Function

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WBC count and differential Bone marrow biopsy Humoral and cellular immunity tests Phagocytic cell function test Complement component tests Hypersensitivty tests Specific antigenantibody
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Organ transplantation

Treatment of choice for clients with endstage disease Types of rejection: Hyperacute Acute Chronic

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Treatment
a. b. c.

d. e.

Immunosuppressive medication : Avoid exposure to infection Use sunscreen Report any sore throat, fever or other signs or infection No vaccines or immunity Protective isolation

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Highlights of immune response

Communication Self-recognition, memory, specificity Immuno-competent cell what belongs Self-protein - self tolerance Defense mechanism Bone marrow Stem cells (lymphocytes T and B)

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