1. Combustion is a fast chemical reaction between a substance and oxygen.

2. Combustion takes place when a substance burns. 3. Materials that burn are called combustible substances.
4. Heat energy and light energy are given out during combustion.

5. Oxygen supports combustion. 6. Combustion does not take place in the absence of oxygen. 7. Conditions for combustion take place: a) the presence of oxygen b) the presence of fuel c) enough amount of heat is present.
FUEL + OXYGEN FUEL BURNS + HEAT + LIGHT

8. Combustion will not take place if any of these conditions is not present.

8. Product of combustion:
Fuel Carbon Ex: charcoal, coal Chemical reaction carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + heat + light Product of combustion carbon dioxide heat light

Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide Ex: candle, carbon dioxide + water + heat + water petrol light heat light Alcohol Ex: alcohol alcohol + oxygen + carbon dioxide + water + heat + light carbon dioxide water heat light

1. Air pollution is the addition of pollutants to the air which has negative effects on the environment. 2. Example of air pollutants include smoke, toxic acid, dust, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and pesticides. 3. These pollutants cause the air to become hazy and can cause: a) low visibility b) breathing difficulties c) reduction in the rate of photosynthesis

4. Example of the sources of air pollutant:

Air Pollutants Dust Sources Saw mills Quarries Construction sites Cement factories Cigarette smoke Forest fires Open burning of rubbish Burning of fuels in vehicles and factories Burning of fuels in vehicles and factories Burning of rubbish Forest fires

Smoke and soot

Carbon Dioxide

Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide

Sources Incomplete combustion of fuels in vehicles Cigarette smoke Excessive pesticides used in agriculture Fogging to kill mosquitoes

Pesticides

Chlorofluorocarbon Sprays from aerosol tins (CFC) Electronic works Refrigerator and air conditioner factories

5. The harmful effects of air pollution: a) on human health:

Respiratory diseases( asthma, bronchitis, cancer) Acidic gaseous can irritate the eyes, conjunctivitis, sore throats Lead and mercury can cause liver failure. b) on animals and plants Acid rain affects the growth of crops Aluminum ions kill aquatic organism Dust and soot prevent exchange of gases by plants

c) on building
Acid rain causes metal railings, bridges and buildings to corrode and rust. d) on climate Smoke, soot and dust can cause haze Greenhouse gases causes an increase in the Earths temperature CFC can destroy ozone molecules, allow ultra violet, cause skin cancer

1. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earths surface, air and oceans. 2. The primary cause of global warming is greenhouse gasses (CO2 , CFC, methane) 3. Effects of global warming: a) rise in sea level b) drought, sudden floods and hurricanes

1. Ozone layer depletion is a region of upper atmosphere. 2. Ozone layer protects us from the Suns ultraviolet rays. 3. The main source of ozone layer depletion is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). 4. Effects of ozone layer depletion : a) increases the temperature b) changes in climate c) decrease the main source of food d) decrease the rate of photosynthesis e) increases the risk of skin cancer f) weakens our bodys defence system