Instruction

Suppose Geog 1 is your last class for today (yehey!). As you feel excited, recall the path you usually take on your way home. Then, create your own map showing this. Take note of the landmarks, streets, establishments, etc. necessary for locating your current address.

Historical Development
The European voyages of discovery can be traced to Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who set up a school of navigation and financed numerous expeditions with the objective of circumnavigating Africa in order to establish a profitable sea route for spices from India. The knowledge of winds, ocean currents, natural harbours, and watering places built up by Henrys captain was an essential foundation for the subsequent voyages of the other Portuguese explorers (Knox et.al., 2004).

Factors that led to the growth of cartography

Two World Wars Invention of Photography Invention of Airplanes Rapidly increasing population & urbanization Automation & Computer Application

Definition

the art, science & technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents & works of art the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of earths surface

Representations of earths surface could be in the form of:

Plans Charts Sections 3D models Globe, and of course MAPS

Definition

2D graphic representations that use lines and symbols to convey information or ideas about spatial relationships often present enormous amounts of information very effectively through visual, numerical & conceptual form

Definition

an abstraction of reality used for analyzing, storing, & communicating information about the locations, attributes & interrelationships of physical & social phenomena that are distributed over the earths surface.

Kinds of Maps

Reference

Tangible MAPS
Mental Thematic Qualitative

Quantitative

Mental Maps

cognitive maps psychological representations of locations that are made up from peoples individual ideas & impressions spatial representation that arises in memory exhibit distortion, biases & emotions

Tangible Maps

the typical map, aka paper maps the maps that we know, make and use

Reference Maps

also known as General Purpose Maps display objects & features of a given area (i.e. boundaries, landforms, coastlines, rivers, etc.) ex: Topographic map, atlas, Political Map, Road Map

Thematic Maps (Special Purpose Maps)

also known as Special Purpose Maps designed to represent the spatial dimensions of a particular conditions, processes, or events represent a particular theme about an area ex: Land Use Map, Climate Map, Soil Map, Pop. Density Map

Types of Thematic Maps

Dot Maps Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map Choropleth Maps Isopleth Maps

Types of Thematic Maps Dot Maps - uses dots or other symbol to represent a
specified number of occurrences of some particular event or phenomena.

Types of Thematic Maps Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map - uses polygons

or other pre-assigned shapes that are in proportion to the frequency of occurrence of phenomena at a given location.

Types of Thematic Maps

Choropleth Maps - tonal shadings are graduated to
reflect area variations in number, frequency or density.

Types of Thematic Maps Isopleth Maps - uses isolines which connects places of
equal data value to portray spatial information.

Other Map Types

Cadastral Maps Plan Flow Line Map Aerial Photo Charts Topographic Map Picture Maps

Other Map Types Cadastral Maps - geographic relationship among the

various parcels of land, records property & boundaries.

Other Map Types Plan - detailed map showing buildings, roadways etc.

Other Map Types Flow Line Map - uses variation in line width to represent
variation in the amount of traffic or movement.

Charts - serves purposes of navigators, both nautical and aeronautical.

Topographic Map - elevation map, designed to represent the form of the earths surface and to show permanent features such as buildings, mountains etc. Picture Maps

Characteristics of Maps
1. Maps are drawn on a predetermined scale.
Scale

is a defined dimensional relationship between reality & map. Scale sets a limit on: a. the info that can be included b. manner that the info can be delineated/presented

2. Maps are selective.

Show

only features which are important for the purpose of the map Retain as many of the helpful features as can be without crowding the map

3. Maps emphasize certain of the selected features. This is done through:

large

symbols heavy lines prominent colors (black, red) inscriptions/ labels pointing arrows

4. Maps are generalized. This consists of achieving a level of detail appropriate for the purpose of a map. A map should be useful & recognizable representation of the real world, yet does not overwhelm the viewer w/ excessive details.

5. Maps are symbolized 6. Maps are lettered, titled, labeled. 7. Maps involve transformations of various kind.

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Essential Parts of a Map

Essential Parts of a Map

Title Legend Scale North Arrow/Direction Grid: Latitude & Longitude Source of Information Creator/ Publisher Date of Publication

Scale - dimensional relationship between reality & the map. It links the measurement in the map to the actual distance in the field.
Scale = (Map distance) / (ground distance)

Scale Classification
1. Small Scale (1:500,000 or more)

it covers wide areas such as countries & continents. Shows less detail and gives generalized info on the areas covered.

2. Medium Scale (between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000) 3. Large Scale (1:50,000 or less)

shows restricted area in greater detail

Representations of Map Scales

1. Word Statement: ex: 10 cm to 1 km Adv: can relate map distance on a recognizable distance on the ground. Disadv: not convenient for measuring purposes.

2. Representative Fraction (RF) Ex: 1:10,000 or 1 / 10,000 1: 250,000 or 1/ 250,000 Adv: Accurate scale statements & is easily understood Disadv: Needs Conversion

3. Graphical Representation Adv: convenient for measuring distances. It is easy to measure actual distances. When map shrinks or expands, graphic scale expands or shrinks accordingly.

way of recording & storing information. A means of analyzing locational distributions & spatial patterns:
(a)
(b)

tool for visualizing spatial relationship; & tool for analyzing conditions, processes or observations on the earths surface.

As

a method of storing & presenting information: maps are only as good as the information you store & present in it.