Summer training report on

WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Training undergone at: Reliance communications

Structure of a typical wireless system

Major elements of the system:

Wireless base stations The switch

The base station controller

Home location register

Wireless base stations

Provides radio connection between the mobile users and the switch. One wireless system may have 100s of base stations. Many base stations imply unbroken coverage and sufficient capacity to handle potential customers.

The switch
Each call involves joining a circuit leading to one customer (usually on the radio side of the system) and a circuit leading to another person (usually out in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The device that makes the actual physical connection is called the switch.

The switch is also responsible for storing billing records, interpreting dialled numbers, routing calls, and implementing all calling features.

The base station controller

The Base Station Controller (BSC) interfaces the Switch and the base stations
Compresses speech signals for more efficient transmission over the scarce radio spectrum Controls the base stations and implements the handoff of calls from one base station to another as users drive across the system

Home location register

The HLR (Home Location Register) is the official

database of all customers on a wireless system. It can be part of the switch, or held in a server at a central location where multiple switches can interrogate it. Information held in the HLR: current account status/validity phones technical parameters whether the phone is presently turned on, and if so, the identity of switch which is presently serving the phone.

Delivering an incoming wireless call

Managing handoff
As a mobile travels through the service area, it passes

from the coverage zone of one base station into the coverage of another. Signal strength measurements by the mobile or the base station trigger the BSC and switch to hand off the call from base station to base station, avoiding dropped calls and interference. Each wireless technology uses its own methods to implement the handoffs. CDMA can even simulcast to the mobile from multiple base stations to reduce fading effects (this is called soft handoff).

Multiple Access
Multiple Access is the simultaneous use of a

communications system by more than one user Each users signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from other users signals, to allow private communications on demand Users can be separated in many ways: physically: on separate wires by arbitrarily defined channels established in frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable

Multiple access

Wireless multiple access methods

Thank you