Cell structure and function for microbiologists

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes Both have the same types of biological molecules metabolism, protein synthesis, ATP

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Eukaryotes have organelles

Much larger; more complex than prokaryotes Processes compartmentalized into organelles

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Nucleus Protein synthesis (ribosomes, RER, Golgi) Mitochondria; chloroplasts Lysosomes Plasma membranes have different modifications Cytoskeleton
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Eukaryotes may be multicellular

Cells may be variable within the organism
Tissues Organs See table 3.7 on p. 72

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Prokaryotes: Have no nucleus; genome is circular No histones

No membrane-bound organelles Cell wall usually contains peptidoglycan (cell walls are more complex)

Divide by binary fission

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Prokaryotes include eubacteria and archaea

How do you tell them apart? Theyre all small! morphology chemical composition nutritional and energy requirements

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Typical shapes of bacteria

Most bacteria retain a particular shape; a few are pleiomorphic & Dr. Harish Kakrani 4/13/2012 Purvi Kakrani

Characteristic grouping (or not grouping)

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Even in groups, bacteria tend to be singlecelled in structure and behavior Some have colonial traits Well-studied example: myxobacteria hunting colonies fruiting bodies

Etc.

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Typical prokaryotic structures

Working from the outside in

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Extracellular components Protection dehydration immune mechanisms Attachment

Glycocalyx- polysaccharide, protein capsule if organized slime layer if not May contribute to virulence
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Some bacteria are motile (due to flagella) Bacteria vary in the way flagella are attached How they move: running, tumbling, swarming

Can move toward or away from light or chemical stimuli

Flagellin protein is unique to prokaryotes

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Cocci do not have flagella

Peritrichous monotrichous (or amphi, or lophotrichous

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Pili- attachment; motility; conjugation

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Cell membrane structure is similar in structure and function to that of eukaryotes Phospholipid bilayer (everything moves through it, since there are no organelles)
carrier proteins generally involve proton motive force (i.e, require energy and moving against the concentration gradient)
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Cell wall- hallmark of prokaryotes Their reaction with Gram stain allows bacterai to be divided into two groups Positive-lots of peptidoglycan Negative- thin layer, with an outer membrane and periplasmic space in between Many secreted proteins are found here

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Structure of peptidoglycan

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Gram-positive cell wall

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Outer membrane is made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Porins allow molecules to pass through outer membrane

LPS is protective lipid A- strong inflammatory response (endotoxin) O-linked polysaccharide- antigenic

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Significance of Gram-positive vs Gram-negative antibiotic sensitivity

sensitivity to lysozyme reaction with Gram reagents crystal violet iodine alcohol safranin

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Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall Lots of variety in archaea- but none have peptidoglycan

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Internal components Nucleoid- with single, circular, supercoiled DNA molecule Many bacteria have plasmids small, extrachromosomal, circular piece of DNA genes present are usually not required but may be advantageous (antibiotic resistance, resistance to metals) Now used for genetic engineering
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Ribosomes

Involved in protein synthesis

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic (70S vs 80S) Some antibiotics bind to the 70S ribosome How does that affect bacteria?

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No membrane-bound organelles Some have storage granules Some aquatic bacteria have gas vesicles Some have endospores (soil bacteria) that enable them to lie dormant under unfavorable conditions

NOT a reproductive structure

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Summary
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes may be multicellular with highly specialized cells Prokaryotes have simple shapes and are classified according to their morphology Certain structures are unique to prokaryotes

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