Basic structural dynamics I

Wind loading and structural response - Lecture 10

Dr. J.D. Holmes
Basic structural dynamics I
Topics :
Revision of single degree-of freedom vibration theory
Response to sinusoidal excitation
Refs. : R.W. Clough and J. Penzien Dynamics of Structures 1975
R.R. Craig Structural Dynamics 1981
J.D. Holmes Wind Loading of Structures 2001
Multi-degree of freedom structures Lect. 11
Response to random excitation
Basic structural dynamics I
x c

Equation of free vibration :

Example : mass-spring-damper system :
k
c
m
x
0 kx x c x m = + +

mass acceleration = spring force + damper force
- kx
- c(dx/dt)
= x m

kx -
equation of motion
Single degree of freedom system :
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Equation of free vibration :
Example : mass-spring-damper system :
Ratio of damping to critical c/c
c :

k
c
m
x
0 kx x c x m = + +

mk 2
c
= ,
often expressed as a percentage
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Damper removed :
k
m
x(t)
Equation of motion : 0 kx x m = +

x m kx

=
is an equivalent static force (inertial force)
x m

Undamped natural frequency :

t
e
2 m
k
2
1
n
1
1
= =
Period of vibration, T :
1 1
1 2
T
n
= =
e
t
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Initial displacement = X
o

Free vibration following an initial displacement :
k
c
m
x
m
k
2
1
= e
) 1 cos( . ) (
2
1
1
o e
e
=

t e C t x
t
2
2
0
- 1
X

= C
2
2
- 1
tan

o =
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
time/T
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
time/T
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
t
e C
e
1
.

Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Response to sinusoidal excitation :
Equation of motion :
t sin F F(t) kx x c x m
o
e = = + +

Steady state solution : ( ) ( ) | e + = t x sin H(n) /k F (t)
o
k
c
m
F(t)
e = 2tn
H(n) =
2
1
2
2
2
1
n
n
4
n
n
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

Frequency of
excitation
Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Critical damping ratio
damping controls amplitude at
resonance
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
0 1 2 3 4
n/n1
H
(
n
)

,=0.01
,=0.05
,=0.1
,=0.2
,=0.5
At n/n
1
=1.0, H(n
1
) = 1/2, Then,
2k
F
x
0
max
~
Dynamic amplification factor, H(n)
Basic structural dynamics II
Response to random excitation :
Consider an applied force with spectral density S
F
(n) :
dn (n) .S H(n) . (1/k) dn (n) S
F
2
0
2
x
0
2
x
} }

= =
k
c
m
F(t)
Spectral density of displacement :
|H(n)|
2
is the square of the dynamic amplification factor (mechanical admittance)
(n) .S H(n) . (1/k) (n) S
F
2
2
x
=
Variance of displacement :
see Lecture 5
Basic structural dynamics II
Response to random excitation :
Special case - constant force spectral density S
F
(n) = S
o
for all n (white
noise):
dn H(n) .S
k
1

2
o
2
2
x
}

|
.
|

\
|
=
0
The above white noise approximation is used widely in wind
engineering to calculate resonant response - with S
o
taken as S
F
(n
1
)
dn .S
k
1
2
1
n
n
2
4
2
2
1
n
n
1
1
0
2
|
.
|

\
|
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+

}
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
, 4
S n
.
k
1

o 1
2
2
x


End of Lecture
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu