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Version: 00.01
Revision History
Version Number
Date
Changes
Author
00.01
2009.07.24
Initial Version
Susan Sun
Objectives
After the presentation, the audience are expected to have: > An overview understanding of the LTE radio interface architecture
> An overview understanding of bears and channels, which are important concepts in LTE
> An overview understanding of LTE L2 lays functions and procedures, including MAC and RLC
> P.S. To better explain the MAC scheduler, the PHY overview is included as the backup slides.
Agenda
> LTE Radio Interface Protocol Architecture > Bearers Vs Channels > LTE RLC Introduction > LTE MAC Introduction > LTE PHY Introduction
Architecture Basics
> LTE is structured into different protocol layers
Lower protocol layers provide services for upper layers
The data from/to higher layers is known as a Service Data Unit (SDU) The data from/to lower layers is known as a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
> The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum.
Data Flow
Logic Channel
Channel Control Channel BCCH Definition Broadcast Control Channel Direction DL Characteristic Transmission of system control information from the network to all mobile terminals in a cell. Transmission of paging to mobile terminals whose location on cell level is not known to the network Transmission of control information between network and UEs (RRC connection and cell update). Commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection with network or by UE when accessing a new cell after cell reselection MCCH Multicast Control Channel DL Transmission of control information required for reception of the MTCH Transmission of control information to/from a mobile terminal. This channel is used for individual configuration of mobile terminals such as different handover messages.
PCCH
DL
CCCH
UL/DL
DCCH
UL/DL
Traffic Channel
DTCH
UL/DL
MTCH
DL
Transport Channel(1/3)
Channel Definition Directio n Characteristic
BCH
Broadcast Channel
DL
Fixed, pre-defined transport format Broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell;
PCH
Paging Channel
DL
RACH
UL
UL-SCH
UL
Optional support for beam forming Supports dynamic link adaptation by varying the transmit power and potentially modulation and coding Supports Hybrid ARQ Supports dynamic and semi-static resource allocation
Transport Channel(3/3)
> Transmission Time Interval (TTI): is defined as the inter-arrival time of Transport Block Sets, i.e. the time it shall take to transmit a Transport Block Set. > Transport Block (TB): is defined as the basic data unit exchanged between L1 and MAC. An equivalent term for Transport Block is MAC PDU. > Transport Block Set (TBS): is defined as a set of Transport Blocks that is exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same time instance using the same transport channel. An equivalent term for Transport Block Set is MAC PDU Set. > Transport Format (TF): includes information about the transport-block size, the modulation scheme, and the antenna mapping. By varying the transport format, the MAC layer can thus realize different data rates
Physical Channel(1/2)
RLC
In all modes: RLC Downlink: gets SDUs from upper layer and transmits PDUs to MAC. RLC Uplink: gets PDUs from MAC and transmits SDUs to upper layer.
RLC
PDUs
MAC
Upper Layer
BCCH/PCCH/CCCH/
BCCH/PCCH/CCCH/
Upper Layer
-Segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs -Padding -RLC Headers are added -No delivery guarantees -Sequence number check -SDU Discard -Suitable for carrying streaming traffic
DTCH/DCCH/M TCH/MCCH DTCH/DCCH/M TCH/MCCH Transmission buffer Transm. UM-Entity Receiver UM-Entity Reassembly Remove RLC header Segmentation & Concatenation
Receiver buffer
AM-SAP
RLC control
SDU reassembly
Routing
AM Transmit Overview
VT(A)
VT(S)
VT(MS)
AM Transmit Procedure
AM Receive Overview
MAC
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
MAC
Downlink Transport channels
PCH
BCH
DL-SCH
> Procedures
Random access and contention resolution Data transfer over DL-SCH/UL-SCH Paging Broadcast of system info Discontinuous reception (DRX)
CCCH DCCH DTCH
MAC
Uplink Transport channels
RACH
UL-SCH
MAC Procedures
Random Access Procedure (Contention-based) > Step 1: Random access preamble transmission
Generation of the random-access preamble in UE MAC(PHY?) ; Random-access preamble transmission from UE to eNB; Random-access-preamble detection in eNB (by PHY);
Same signal
Calculate TA tim
Initialize RACH
No
Yes
Notify MAC
> The basic operation is so-called dynamic scheduling Downlink/Uplink are independently scheduled Time-frequency resources dynamically shared between users Each 1 ms TTI a new decision is taken Each mobile unit scheduled by the eNodeB > Scheduling strategy is not specified by 3GPP
Implementation specific Normally aiming at taking advantage of channel variations Channel status report from mobile unit to eNodeB
Downlink scheduling
> Dynamically decide which users to transmit to and on which resources. > In control of several layers In control of several layers
RLC: Need for concatenation/segmentation depending on data rate. MAC: Multiplexing of streams is priority dependent. Has to be considered. L1: Selection of coding modulation and Selection of coding, modulation and layers (MIMO).
- so that empty buffers are not scheduled so that empty buffers are not scheduled
- so that the most important data is handled first by the MAC >Interference situation in neighboring cells - if inter-cell interference cooperation is implemented
Uplink Scheduling
> Uplink scheduling
> eNodeB in full control > eNodeB deliver scheduling grants which - provide info about the resources and transport format (block size, modulation etc.) - are valid for one subframe
Semi-persistent scheduling
> Semi-persistent scheduling
Possible to schedule recourses to be used until further notice (on every n:th subframe) Help reduce control signaling Used for e.g. VoIP
> Closely related to scheduling is link adaptation, which deals with how to set the transmission parameters of a radio link to handle variations of the radio-link quality.
> Channel-dependent scheduling is typically used for the downlink. In principle, this can be used also for the uplink. However, estimating the uplink channel quality is not as straightforward as is the case for the downlink.
Channel-status reporting
> Channel-status reports provided by the terminal Contains recommendations on what signaling format the eNodeB should use for downlink
> Due to the signaling capacity constraints on PUCCH, the granularity or size of the UE sub-band reporting will be 6 RB (equivalent to 2 RBG), except for the last sub-band which will consist of only 2 RB. (Relation between RBs, RBGs and sub band is shown on figure below ) > The UE will report the location of the best-M RBG and the corresponding CQI value for the best-M sub-bands. The value of M will be configured by eNB and signals to the UE through RRC signaling Sub-band 1 Sub-band 8 Sub-band 9
RBG 1
RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4
RBG 2
RB5 RB6
..
RB46
RBG 16
RB47 RB48
RBG 17
RB49 RB50
Resource Allocation
PCFICH Sub-frame (1 ms) RB-0
RB-1
Rerference signal
CCE RB-49
> Data should be mapped to resource elements which are not reserved for pilot as well as synchronization signals > For each sub-frame, the DL/ UL resources are assigned/ granted through CCEs in PDCCH > PCFICH defines the number of OFDM symbols used for control signaling (only 1-3 symbols are allowed) > CCE for UL grant and DL assignment are roughly 36 and 40 bits respectively (strongly dependent on the resource allocation type) > VoIP Type-2 resource assignment is recommended > Due to SC-FDMA property on UL, only contiguous localized (subband) RB can be assigned to a given UE.
Control region
> To save power, terminal may listen only on specified subframes, and sleep in-between.
> Two DRX cycles possible:
Long cycle: Sufficient in most cases. Terminal assumed to stay awake a while after being scheduled. Short cycle: A shorter cycle may be needed for e.g. VoIP
CQI and SRS are not sent when not in active time
Impacts ability to adapt MCS to channel conditions
When measurement report is sent, UE may change DRX status, eNB should support this in scenarios such as handover.
DRX inactivity timer HARQ RTT timer Active time DRX retransmission timer
DRX Cycle
Every TTI
DL Grants
DL Data UL Grants
Part of PDCCH information required by UL DSPs as decoding instructions Additional information for UL DSP process
Every TTI
UL Control
PHY UL
> All those control information above received from MAC will be mapped into corresponding physical channels to build one physical DL radio frame by DSP
Reference
> 3GPP 23.401 <General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access> > 3GPP 36.322 <Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification > V8.6.0 2009-06-18 > 3GPP 36.321 <Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Acces Control (MAC) protocol specification > V8.6.0 2009-0618 > 3GPP 36.213 <Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures> V8.7.0 2009-06-08 > E. Dahlman et al., <3G Evolution HSDA and LTE for Mobile Broadband> Academic Press, 2007 > <LTE PHY Overview V0.3> From Gavin Peng
Backup slides
Agenda
> LTE PHY Overview > LTE DL PHY Layer > LTE UL PHY Layer > LTE PHY related Procedure
Overview
> The physical layer is responsible for coding, physical-layer hybrid-ARQ processing, modulation, multi-antenna processing, and mapping of the signal to the appropriate physical time-frequency resources.
Multi-antenna techniques
Spatial Multiplexing (MIMO) within the LTE multi-antenna framework
Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) within the LTE multi-antenna framework Beam-forming within the LTE multi-antenna framework.
Radio access
> DL- OFDM based
> Uplink:
SC-FDMA QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM (for UE class 5) supported Synchronous H-ARQ using IR
PBCH PCFICH
QPSK QPSK
Control Information
Coding scheme Tail biting convolutional coding Block code Repetition code Block code
DCI CFI HI
UCI
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
OFDM symbols
subcarriers
subcarriers
For 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing and normal CP, 1 RB is 12 sub-carriers x 7 OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols(84 resource element)
Resource block
N symb N sc
DL RB
resource elements
N RB N sc
RB
Resource element ( k , l )
DL
N sc
RB
l 0
l N symb 1
DL
Transmission BW Sub-frame duration Sub-carrier spacing Sampling frequency FFT size Number of occupied subcarriers Number of OFDM symbols per slot (Short/Long CP) Useful Symbol Time (s) CP length (s/samples) Short Long
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
1.0 ms 15 kHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz (2 x 3.84 MHz) (4 x 3.84 MHz) 512 1024 301 7/6 66.67 601
*: {(x1/y1) x n1, (x2/y2) x n2} means (x1/y1) for n1 OFDM symbols and (x2/y2) for n2 OFDM symbols
PCFICH
> Physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH)
The PCFICH carries information about the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2 or 3 or 4) used for transmission of PDCCHs in a sub frame.
Subframe Subframe 1 and 6 for frame structure type 2 MBSFN subframes on a carrier supporting both PMCH and PDSCH MBSFN subframes on a carrier not supporting PDSCH
DL All other subframes when N RB [10]
1, 2, 3
32 bit PCFICH will be mapped to 16 complex-symbol with QPSK modulation PCFICH is transmitted on the first OFDM symbol in each sub-Frame using four mini-CCEs, which are evenly spread across the whole bandwidth with a cell-specific shift
PDCCH
> PDCCH occupy the first 1-3 or 4 (narrow band only) OFDM symbols per sub frame --- indicated by PCFICH > PDCCH Contents (DCI: Downlink Control Indication)
Scheduling assignments for a DL-SCH or an UL-SCH and other control information for each UE
Downlink Control Information (DCI) Formats 0, 1, 1A, 1C, 2, 3, 3A Scheduling grant information for Uplink (Format 0) and downlink (Formats 1/1A, 2) One DCI format for one user, except for Formats 3, 3A
PUSCH
> Uplink shared channel structure > The PUSCH can be scheduled in multiples of 1, 2, 3 or 5 of the PRB size. The sounding reference will only be transmitted when data is not being transmitted.
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 19
Subcarriers
Run-time procedure
CELL Search
> Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects the cell ID of that cell.
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel) signals.
> P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.
> Cell search procedure
1. 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH. 2. Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH. 3. Full cell ID found from DL RS. 4. Decode BCH.
Cell Search
> Uses Primary and Secondary Sync Channels
P-SCH & S-SCH transmitted on center 72 sub-carriers (6 RBs) independent of channel BW P-SCH only uses even sub-carriers to create symmetric time waveform allows auto-correlation detection Three P-SCH sequences to allow better detection performance
2. Detect S-SCH
Determines radio frame boundary and cell ID group (one of 168 possibilities). CP length is also blindly detected in step 2
Cell Search
FDD
TDD
System information
> The system information includes:
Information about the downlink and uplink bandwidths Uplink/Downlink configuration in case of TDD Parameters related to random-access transmission and uplink power control, etc.
> It can be derivered by two different mechanisms relying on different transport channels
System information
> MIB and BCH transmission
System information
> MIB and BCH transmission
Random Access
> Problem:
From the base station to the UE, there is delay between the transmission and reception The UE therefore need an estimate of the timing to send its data so that the base station can receive all the UE signals at the same time
delay
> In eNB, PHY detects PRACH preamble and sends the following to the MAC:
Timing offset (of UE transmission from eNB frame timing) SINR Preamble code detected
TTI
n=4
n=8
NACK
n=12
Ue Rx (detection) Ue Tx
PHICH
RV++
PUSCH PUSCH
PN: process number RV: redundancy version NDI: new data indication