A paper presentation on

BLU

- RAY
BY

DISC

R.Naga Phanindra kumar

Phani.rapolu56@gmail.com

III B.Tech, I st SEMISTER NALANDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SATTENAPALLI,GUNTUR.

Contents of the paper

Introduction Structure Storage Construction Data Access Reading Issues File System Utilities and Technological support Technological Aid Pros & Cons Conclusion

Introduction
The founding stones for the Blu Ray Disc technology were laid in

2002 by the Blu Ray Disc Association (BDA) in an attempt to overcome the drawbacks in DVD's. SIZE : standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of information. a high-definition movie, takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. SECURITY : CSS is toast, thanks to some smart programmers in Europe and some foolish programmers at the now-defunct Xing Technologies. The group that created the DeCSS software figured out how to break the encryption by reverse engineering Xing's DVD decryption key, which wasn't properly protected. The end result is that DVDs can be copied as easily as music CDs. The market hates the fact that the DVD format is now vulnerable and there's nothing they can do about it, and are eager for a new format that is much more secure.

QUALITY : The final reason for the change is video quality. DVD video is presented in 480p, or 480 lines per screen, progressive scanned video. High Definition TV (HDTV) is presented in 720p or 1080i.definition if you do have an HDTV set, the improvement in quality is very noticeable. The quality of the video o/p of the media files on a DVD or a CD is not up to the mark. SOLUTION : The industry is set for yet another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD). With their high storage capacity, Bluray discs can hold and playback large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as photos, data and other digital content. A single sided Blu ray disc has the capacity to store information of about 27 gigabytes, thats about the size of 13 hr standard definition

STRUCTURE: In a DVD the data is sandwiched between two 0.6mm polycarbonate layers. While in the case of a BD the data layer is placed on a 1.1mm polycarbonate layer. To prevent the data on the top of the disc from getting erased, the data layer is covered by a 0.1 mm protection layer. This makes the size of all the CD's DVD's & the BD's constant. This packing of the data has many

STORAGE: It should be noticed that whatever form of the disc may be under consideration the data on the disc is stored on a SPIRAL TRACK running from the centre of the disc to the end of the diameter of the disc. This spiral starting from the centre of the disc gives the flexibility for the disc to be smaller in size than that of the conventional 120 mm. On this spiral tracks exists the BUMPS which actually hold the data. These bumps lie all along the spiral track. These bumps are often called pits. Viewed

CONSTRUCTION: The construction of the bumps (spiral track) is explained here from a closer view of the disc. The view is so close that the bumps can be seen clearly. Here each white hole represents a bump (pit). For clear understanding it is effectively compared with a DVD. From the figure above : The minimum pit length of a BD is 0.15 microns which is more than twice as small as the pits on the DVD which is at minimum 0.4 microns. Also the track pitch of the BD is 0.32 microns which is more than twice as small as that of the DVD which is 0.74 microns. This small pit & reduced track pitch enables the accommodation of a data of about 25 gb on a single sided BluRay disc which is almost 5 times that of a single sided traditional

DATA ACCESS: Now a laser beam has to be chosen such that it reads the data in the small sized pits. Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to read and write data(650 nanometers) Blu-ray discs uses a blue laser .A blue laser has a shorter wavelength (405 nanometers)

READING ISSUES :: The till now regularly used DVD's & VCD's face two basic problems regarding their physical structure. They are:
Birefringence. Disk tilt.

Birefringence: In a DVD, the data is sandwiched between

two polycarbonate layers, each 0.6-mm thick. Having a polycarbonate layer on top of the data can cause a problem called birefringence, in which the substrate layer refracts the laser light into two separate beams. If the beam is split too widely, the disc cannot be read. Disk Tilt: If the DVD surface is not exactly flat, and is therefore not exactly perpendicular to the beam (laser), it can lead to a problem known as disc tilt, in which the laser beam is distorted. This sometimes may lead to reading or writing into other undesired memory locations. SOLUTION: The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing the data on top of a 1.1-mm-thick polycarbonate layer. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore prevents readability problems.

FILE SYSTEM : The file system here has two important aspects of consideration: 1) Data arrangement. 2) Data retrieval. 1) DATA ARRANGEMENT: The general file system used in Blu -Ray disc is quite unique. It divides entire disk space into two parts. a) Metadata & Database area. b) Real time Recordable area. The real time recordable area is the major part in respect to size on the disc & it contains the real time files used by the user. While the Metadata & Database area holds the information that manages the data in the real time recordable area. Blu-ray Recordable discs also include defect management, eliminating the need for the Sparing Table inthe file system. The defect management system allows for the replacement of defective clusters For Blu-ray ReadOnly discs, the requirements are simplified since there is no need for readmodify-write, overwriting or incremental recording of user data. 2) DATA RETRIEVAL

Utilities : 1) Digital Broadcasting Direct Recording Function : This recording function enables the recording of not only digital broadcast image data without destroying the image quality, but also of data broadcast data and multi-channel sound data altogether. This is mainly enabled by the capability of the Blu-Ray disc of outputting at the rate of 36 Mbps which is more than 3.5 times that of the DVD which is 10 Mbps. This high rate enables both the recording & the data broadcast. 2) Random Access High-speed Playback Function : To achieve a function that enables random access to a desired scene in MPEG-2TS and high-speed playback, tables to obtain the record position of data corresponding to a playback time requested by the user are provided for each Clip AV stream file 3) Editing and Marking Function: The Play List file is provided for removing unnecessary scenes without copying or transferring recorded data like tape media, and editing material recorded on the disc without processing the original image. 4) Contents Search Function: In each thumbnail related file, thumbnails of the Play List file and

TECHNOLOGICAL AID : 1) Laser and optics

Blu-ray systems use a "blue" laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and

write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.
The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more

information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, using a higher numerical aperture (0.85, compared with 0.6 for DVD), higher quality. aperture=0.45 Numerical 780-nm infrared laser Numerical aperture=0.6 650-nm red laser Numerical aperture=0.8 405-nm blue laser
2) Hard-coating technology
The solution to this problem arrived in January 2004 with the introduction of a clear

polymer that gives Blu-ray discs unprecedented scratch resistance. The coating, developed by TDK Corporation under the name "Durabis," allows BDs to be cleaned safely with only a tissuea procedure that can damage CDs, DVDs, and (presumably) HD DVDs, which are manufactured by the same process as these

TECHNOLOGICAL AID : continuation

3) Java Software Support At the 2005 Java One trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray players as a mandatory part of the standard.Java creator James Gosling, at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray discs via the Internet.This Java Version will be called BD-J and will be a subset of the GEM (Globally Executable MHP) standard. GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard. 4) Compatibility While it is not compulsory for manufacturers, the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray drives should be capable of reading DVDs, ensuring backward compatibility. JVC has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo disc. 5) Security Blu-ray has an experimental security feature titled BD+ that allows for dynamically changing encryption schemes. Should the encryption be compromised, manufacturers can update the encryption scheme and put it on all new discs, preventing a single crack from opening up the entire specification for the duration of its lifetime.

PROS :

() High disc space at almost same cost price () Security () reverse compatibility () high speed data transfer (36Mbps) () online modifications
CONS : () High cost of the disc reader () less data space than AOD (HD-DVD 30 Giga bytes)

CONCLUSION : It would definitely take a considerable time for the BluRay disc to hit the market & completely takeovers the DVD share hold. Because of the low level compatibility (BD readers able to read both the DVDs and the CDs), the task might become a little simpler. But, the high cost of the reader might hinder its quick development. Anyways soon or later this mass storage optical device is going to replace the DVD & let the user experience a world high quality & disc space (Quality & Quantity ensured) with high level of security and privacy ensured.

Queries
THANKING YOU
R.NAGA Phanindra kumar S.NAGUR BHASHA NALANDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. (NIET)