Presented by, Click to edit Master subtitle style Teena chaudhary

Transactional Analysis (unit-1)

Transactional Analysis

How We Spend Our Time

What is it?

a unified system of individual and social psychoanalysis theory of personality and social dynamics theory of communication

Transactional Analysis
Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding

and changing human behavior why communication fails and how it can be corrected. one to one relationships

Human resource is the pivot around which all activities of an economy revolve. When human being interact with one another, a social transaction takes place. Social transaction is a situation in which one person responds to another. The study of social transaction between people, named as TA.

When two people interact with each other they engage in social transactions in which one person responds to the another. Study of such social transactions is known as Transactional Analysis. It is used to study and analyze interpersonal communication

OBJECTIVE OF TA: is to provide a better understanding of how people relate to each other so that they may develop improved communication among themselves.

About TA

Proposed by Dr. Eric Berne in mid 1960s in his book Games People Play Popularized by Thomas A. Harris, author of the book I'm OK - You're OK, and Muriel James, author of

According to Berne, there are three ego states within the personality of all human beings, viz, parent, adult and child ego states. These ego states are present in different degrees in all individuals and behavior of a person is based on which of the three ego states is operating at that particular moment.

The ego states are a persons way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time. not related with the chronological age of the persons rather they are related with the behavioral aspects of age. Thus a person of any age may have these ego states in varying degrees.

We Are

Child Adult Parent in our Transactions. Biological conditions are irrelevant to these ego states. We shift from one ego state to another in transactions.

Parent is our 'Taught' concept of life Adult is our 'Thought' concept of life Child is our 'Felt' concept of life

The Three Ego States(behavioral pattern)

Parent- Do as I do Child- What shall I do? Adult- I will be frank with you

Ego States:

The Three Ego States

Parent Ego State It consists of experiences from the first five years in life. It is the state from which behaviors to control others are employed. Child Ego State It is recorded during the parent ego state. State when feelings rule. Adult Ego State By monitoring the parent and child ego states, it alters

Parent ego state

This ego state incorporates the attitudes and behaviors of all emotionally significant people who serve as parent figure, when an individual was a child. The value and behavior of these people are recorded in the mind of the individual and these become the basic value of the personality . The characteristics of a person acting with parent ego state include being overprotective, distant, dogmatic, indispensable and upright, reference to laws and rules and reliance of

Transactional Analysis
Clues to Someone in Their Parent
a frown or stern look. tone of voice. pointing of the index finger. arms folded as to say what are you doing? uses phrases like; you should, you ought to, that is right! words such as; sympathizing, punishing. moralizing, judging, giving orders, criticizing.

Transactional Analysis
Parent learned to act and feel much as those that raised us. Each individual has his unique parent ego state which is likely to be mixture of helpfulness and hurtfulness.
Nurturing Parentit reflects nurturing behavior towards everyone in interaction.
Supportive and protective toward others, offers help and guidance.

Parent

Critical Parent shows critical and evaluative behavior in interaction.

follows rules, accepts slogans, holds opinions without thinking first of facts.

ADULT

This based on reasoning and logical thinking, seeking and providing information, rational thoughtful attitude wide perspective, organize, use accurate information to protect the Child To help the Child grow, prosper, become wise, Person interacting with adult ego state views people as equal, worthy and responsible human beings.

TO INFORM YOURSELF & OTHERS WITH ACCURATE DATA

Transactional Analysis
Adult looks at the facts and reasons out the answer - the computer ins us.

Adult

figures things out logically. takes responsibility for thoughts, feeling and actions. solves problems and makes decisions.

Transactional Analysis
Clues to Someone in Their Adult
straight forward facial expression. active listener, eyes blink every 3 to 5 seconds showing attention. speaks of probabilities. uses phrases like; In my opinion, Based on what I have observed, So far the facts seem to indicate.

This include creativity, conformity, depression, anxiety, dependence, fear, and hate, silent compliance, attention seeking, non logical and immediate action which result in immediate satisfaction etc. enjoy the goods things that life offers. Deal suffering with dignity and courage.
TO LOVE ..TO CHANGE..TO DO THINGS WELL

CHILD:

Transactional Analysis
Child
Rebellion Child: experience anger, fear, and frustration.
Adapted Child: is trained one and he is likely to do what parents insist on,
Polite, sociable, recognizes the rights of others, adapts behavior to suit them, can resent the rights/demands of others, complies unwillingly, feels unsure about themselves, procrastinate .

Free or natural Child: is

affectionate, impulsive, sensuous and does what comes naturally.

Open to life, spontaneous, filled with the sense of wonder and delight, self centered, aggressive, rebellious, does not consider the consequences of feeling or actions.

Transactional Analysis
Clues to Someone in Their Child
smiling, laughing, having fun. tone of voice. crying, having tantrums, getting into trouble. childlike facial expressions. uses words/phrases like; Wow!, Gosh!, I wish, I feel.

Shift in Ego States

Parent- Why dont you prepare a time-table? Child- What is the point when one cannot follow it? Becomes an Adult.

The Ego States

Types of Transactions
1. Complementary Transactions

Complementary transactions Examples of Complementary Transactions Parent-Parent, Adult-Adult, Child-Child, Child-Parent, Parent-Child, Child-Adult, Adult-Child, Adult-Parent, Parent-Adult "When TS and TR on the P-A-C diagram make parallel lines, the transaction can go on indefinitely.

single stimulus single response complementary transaction crossed transactions

There are three ways

Parent to child - telling others what to do, talking down to them. Child to parent - being submissive, throwing temper irritability, flaunting authority. Adult to adult - relating as equals, reason dominating emotion.

Transactional Analysis

Three Basic Concepts: Parent, Adult and Child Transactions: Among P, A and C P < -- > P A < -- > A C < -- > C There are 9 possible transactions

Transactional analysis - Transactions between people are seen as having 3 levels:

Complementary both people are operating from the same ego state. (stimulus response lines are parallel), Crossed the other person reacts from an unexpected ego state(stimulus- response lines are not in parallel) Ulterior two ego states within the same person but one disguises the other(double meaning) carries a hidden message on

Kinds of Transactions:

Complementary Transaction

Crossed/ Blocked Transaction

Examples of Crossed Transactions:

Adult-Adult and Parent-Child; AdultAdult and Child-Parent; Parent-Child and Parent-Child; Child-Parent and Child-Parent "When TS and TR in the P-A-C diagram cross each other, communication stops."

Ulterior Transaction

Types of Transactions

Complementary Transactions: Appropriate and Expected Transactions indicating healthy human relationships.
Communication takes place when transactions are complementary. A stimulus invites a response; this response becomes a stimulus inviting further response and so on.

Types of Transactions (Con..)

Crossed Transaction: This causes most difficulties in social situations.

May be, you should improve your teaching. You always find fault with me whatever I do Parent-Child interaction.

Life positions

The individual s behavior towards others is largely based on specific assumptions that are made early in life. Very early in the childhood, a person develops from experience a dominant philosophy is tried to his identity, sense of worth and perceptions of other people. This tends to remain with the person for life time unless major experiences occur to change it.

Four Life Positions

They describe how individuals feel about themselves and others. 1- I am ok you are ok 2-I am ok you are not ok 3-I am not ok ,you are ok 4-I am not ok you are not ok

I am o.k., you are o.k.

People with this position can solve their and other problem constructively. This is based on adult ego. They accept the significance of other people and feel that life is worth living. When manager work this position, they are likely to express a more consistent pattern of confidence. They delegate authority and feel comfortable with a spread of authority.

I am o.k., you not o.k.

This position is taken by those people who blame others for their miseries. This is the case of aggrieved person with an attitude that whatever they do is right. This is distrustful life position. Managers operating with position tend to give critical and oppressive remarks. They tend to point but the flaws, the bad things, rarely giving any warm , genuinely feeling. Do not believe in delegation of authority & feel decentralization is a threat. Lack in trust/confidence in talent, skills, and in

I am not o.k., you are o.k.

This position is common to persons who feel powerlessness in comparison to others. It is based on ones feeling about oneself. Individuals who feel a clear distinction b/w themselves and the people around them who could do many things that the individuals could not do, hold this position. Managers operating with position tend to give and receive bad feelings. They often use bad feelings as an excuse to act out against others, and when the whole thing comes full circle even they feel guilty for their acts and turn their bad feeling against themselves.(unpredictable,

I am not o.k., you are not o.k.

This is taken by those people who lose interest in living. They feel that life is not worthy living at all. In extreme cases, they commit suicide. Managers operating from this position do not make decisions in time, make stupid mistakes or otherwise provoke others to give them negative reactions. They lack personal potency, look to others for final decisions and delegate inappropriately.

Life Positions:

stroking

It is an important aspect of TA. It is defined as any act employing recognition of anothers presence. this has originated from the studies of the needs that babies have physical affection for complete psychological development. This name came from research which indicated that babies require touching in order to survive and grow. It apparently makes no difference whether the touching induces pain or pleasure

Positive and negative strokes when makes one feel o.k. is positive one: words of recognition, affection etc As against this , the stroke that makes one feel not o.k. is negative one. Likecriticism, hating and scolding etc. These strokes are a basic unit of motivation

Advantages of TA:

Improves interpersonal communication Understanding human behavior and applied to any field of human interactions. Simple to learn Applicable in Motivation Helps in Organizational Development Can be used at home as well as in office

Strengths

Supported by a great deal of research on the subconscious mind Promotes self-analysis and self-correction Applications go beyond the classroom, into the students personal lives Helps children understand their own messages and those of others Helps children avoid destructive roles that are often played in interpersonal relationships Provides a framework for communication and understanding.

Disadvantages of TA:

Few scientific facts to prove Inhibits cuteness rather than an insight into human behavior Ego states are difficult to define.

Weaknesses

Only appropriate for individual guidance Cannot be used as an intervention technique Overcoming the automatic behaviors from the parent and child ego state may be difficult Cannot be applied as readily to discipline problems other than those involving verbal exchanges Students may not have the language, cognitive, or reasoning skills necessary to use this technique Making distinctions between the ego states is difficult Training for teachers can be lengthy and time consuming.

Typical Games

Between A shop keeper and a house wife: This one is better, but you cannot afford it Between A Teacher and a Student: This is a good topic, but you cannot handle it. Between an Expert and a Candidate: What you just said is totally wrong

Thank You