Electromagnetic Wave, Waveguide,

and Antenna

Propagation
Reflection and Scattering
Refraction
Interference
Multipath
Path loss





http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/bbfw/ptop/p2ps
pg02/spg02ch2.htm

2
)
4
(

tD
L
p
=
Propagation in Air
Ionosphere
Ionized particles
80-300 km
Ground Plane
Modes
Direct line of sight
Earth curvature
Ground wave
Sky wave
Space wave
Sky Waves
Long Wavelength
Ground and ionosphere
http://www.vlf.it/thierry/waveguide_propagation.html




Short Wavelength
Waveguide
Metallic Waveguide
Dielectric Waveguide
Dielectric Media
Cable
Polyethylene
Teflon
PCB
Rigid: Alumina, PTFE
Flexible: Polyimide
Dielectric constant
Loss tangent
ce
o
o = tan
Applications of Waveguides
Long Haul
Performance
Loss, dispersion
Networking
Quick connect
Termination
Printed Circuit Board
RF and microwave packaging

Waveguide Analysis
Wave Equation
Periodic in time
Helmholtz Equation
Periodic in z
Transverse Modal
Equation
Boundary Conditions
Waveguide Theory
http://www.fnrf.science.cmu
.ac.th/theory/waveguide/

0
2 2
= V E E
0
2
2
2
=
c
c
V
t
E
E c
Modes
Guided Modes
Discrete; possibly multiple



Radiation Modes
Continuous
Evanescent Field
Exponentially decaying
Waveguide Properties
Polarization
TEM
TE, TM
Hybrid modes
Propagation Constant
Loss
Dispersion
Dispersion
Frequency Dependent Refractive Index
Material dispersion
Waveguide modal dispersion (single mode)
Inter-modal dispersion (multimode)
Pulse broadening
www.lunatechnologies.com/files/24introchromaticdispersionweb.pdf

Waveguide Devices
Directional Coupler
Multi hole
Lumped element,
stripline
Frequency dependent
Mini Circuits
www.minicircuits.com/pages/appnote/do-it-
yourselfcouplers.pdf
New Developments
Negative Index Materials
http://www.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/neg_ref_home.htm
Photonic Bandgap Materials
http://www.pbglink.com/

Antenna
Electrical Element
Impedance
Power
Radiation
Coupling of energy from waveguide to free space
or vice versa
Polarization
Efficiency
Directionality
Radiation pattern (far field)
Antenna gain
Advantage over isotropic (point source) radiation
Oscillating Dipole








Reference
http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/ph
ys151/lectures/lecture_apr_07_2003.shtml
Dipole Antenna








Dipole Length
Half wavelength
Bandwidth
Polarization
Parallel to antenna axis
Efficiency
Radiation resistance: 67 O
Loss resistance: 5 O
0.93
Antenna Gain, G
2.14 dBi
Effective Area
Radiation Pattern
Reference
http://www.signalengineering.com/ultimate/antenna_basics.html
t

4
2
G
A
eff
=
Dipole Antenna Project








Antennae








Marconi (/4)
Dipole (/2)
Yagi
Loop






Antennae








Long Wire
Rhombic
Parabolic





Antenna Loading








Coil in Series
Resonance and bandwidth
Effective length
Calculator
http://eweb.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/jack/radio/softwar
e/loading.html
Capacitor at Top


Radiation Pattern















10-element Yagi
Reference
http://www.astronwireless.com/radiation_patterns.html
Name Shape Gain (over
isotropic)
Beamwidth
(-3 dB)
Radiation Pattern
Isotropic

0 dB 360


Dipole



2.14 dB 55

Folded
Dipole



5.64 dB 45


Full wave
loop



3.14 dB 200

Yagi



7.14 dB 25


Helical



10.1 dB 30


Parabolic
Dipole




14.7 dB 20


Horn



15 dB 15


Antenna Feed
Center Feed
Dipole
Horn Feed
Parabolic

Antenna Simulation
Lawrence Livermore NEC4
Demo
http://www.eznec.com/demoinfo.htm

Array
Multi-Element Interference
Linear Array
Phased Array
Agility
Multi-beam

http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?SpaceID=10084&BookID=701
Smart or Adaptive Antenna for Mobile
http://www.comsoc.org/livepubs/surveys/public/4q99issue/lehne.html
Aerospace
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~lincoln/ska/
ska.workshop/weinreb.pdf
Practical Applications
Radio
Whip antenna
Loopstick
Twin T antenna
TV
VHF: Rabbit ear antenna
UHF: Loop antenna
How to Adjust?
http://www.kyes.com/antenna/antennadex.html

Practical Applications
Wi-Fi
Vertical Omnis
Ceiling Dome
Rubber Duck
Desk Top
Cellular Phone
Radar Detector

Projects
http://www.wlan.org.uk/antenna-page.html


Chapter Review
EM Wave in Free Space
Line of sight, ground wave, space wave
Guided Wave
Equation and boundary condition
Modal properties: field pattern, effective index
Dispersion
Single mode
Technology Review Topics
Negative index and photonic bandgap
Antenna
Dipole
Pattern, Gain
Array
Practical Applications