Basics of Infrared

Infrared Wavelength Infrared in the Environment

Figure 1. Wavelength Spectrum

Infrared and Communication

First IrDA
Specify a standard and a protocols for data transmission

IrDA devices communicate using infrared LEDs Wavelength 875nm +-30nm IrDA support data transmission of 1.15Mb/s and 4Mb/s

Transmitting Data Between Two Different Electronic Devices

Can you transmit data between two Infrared capable devices even though they are manufacture by different companies? Example
Between a Kyocera Smart-phone and Dell Axim Between a Kyocera Smart-phone and a Dell Latitude

Ir Application
PDAs Phones Organizer Printers Cameras Laptops and Notebooks Other Applications
5

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared

Advantages
Point-to-point Line of sight Transfer data up to 1m Security Low power consumption Low cost

Disadvantages
Line of sight One device at a time Transfer rate 4Mbps Have to keep the device stable when transferring data

What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology. Why this name? It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway. When does it appear? 1994:Ericsson study on a wireless technology to linkmobile phones & accessories. 5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998. First specification released in July 1999.

TIME LINE
1994: Ericsson study complete / vision 1995: Engineering work begins 1997: Intel agrees to collaborate 1998: Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba 1999: Bluetooth Specification1.0A SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft &Motorola 2000 : Bluetooth Specification1.0B, 2000+ adopters 2001: First retail products released, Specification1.1 2003 : Bluetooth Specification1.2 2005: Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)

How Bluetooth Technology works?

1.Bluetooth is a high-speed,low-power microwave wireless link technology,designed to connect phones,leptops,PDAs and other portable equipments together with little or no work by the user. 2.Unlike infra-red, Bluetooth does not require any line-of-sight positioning of connected devices like Infra-red. 3. Two Bluetooth products can exchange their addresses and capabilities just after coming within the range of about 10 metres. 4. The radio operates on the globally-available unlicensed radio band, 2.45 GHz and supports data speeds of up to 721 Kbps.

5. The Bluetooth modules can be either builtinto electronic devices or used as an adaptor. For instance in a C they can be built in as aC card or externally attached via the USB port.

BLUETOOTH MODULE

6. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters but can be extended to 100 meters by increasing the power. Bluetooth devices are protected from radio interference by changing their frequencies arbitrarily up to a maximum of 1600 times a second, a technique known as frequency hopping. 7. The Bluetooth specification targets power consumption of the device from a "hold" modeconsuming 3 0 micro amps to the activetransmitting range of 83 0milliamps which isless than 3% of the power used by a standardmobile phone. The chips also have excellentpower-saving features.8. utomatic communication between variousdevices within a small area makes it possibleto provide uni ue and innovative services to aprofessional worker.
9.Piconet is the important factor in Bluetooth connectivity.It is simply a collection of device connected through Bluetooth Technology. 10.While establishing a Piconet,One unit will behave as a master and the other as slaves for the duration of Piconet connection.

Technical Feature

Classification

Piconet Structure

All device in piconet hop together. Masters ID and masters clock determines frequency hopping sequence & phase.

Ad-hoc Network-the Scatternet

Inter-piconet communication Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet Multiple piconets can operate within same physical space This is an ad-hoc, peer to peer (P2P) network

File Transfer Profile

Profile provide:
Enhanced client-server interactions: browse,create,transfer folders. browse,pull,push,delete files

Headset Profile

Profile provides:
Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection & accept/terminate calls. Volume can be controlled from either device. Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.

Core Bluetooth Product

PDAs Notebook PCs & Desktop computer Printers Other handheld devices Cell phones Wireless peripherals: Headsets Cameras CD Player TV/VCR/DVD Access Points Telephone Answering Devices Cordless Phones Cars

Security
Security Measures Link Level Encryption & Authentication. Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access. Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys). These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys. Further encryption can be done at the application layer.

Advantages
Bluetooth device are wireless Bluetooth Technology is Inexpensive Bluetooth is Automatic Low Energy Consumption Share Voice and Data ACCESSIBLE FROM ANYWHERE

Disadvantages
Bluetooth devices can not be connectedwith more than one devices at a time, as itfinds problem in discovering the intendedrecipient device. Bluetooth has a low data rate( i.e.1 MBps) incomparision to infra-red(i.e.4 MBps).