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Outline
Spread Spectrum Basics Spreading Codes IS-95 Features- Transmitter/Receiver Diversity Techniques RAKE Receiver Soft Handoff
Spread Spectrum
A technique in which the transmission bandwidth W and message bandwidth R are related as
W >> R
Achieves several desirable objectives for e.g.
enhanced capacity
simultaneous users, controlling the power transmitted by each user to the minimum required to maintain a given SNR
Each user employs a noise-like wideband signal occupying the entire frequency allocation
Each user contributes to the background noise affecting all users, but to the least extent possible.
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SS (cont.)
This restriction on interference limits capacity, but because
time and bandwidth resource allocations are unrestricted, the resulting capacity is significantly higher than the conventional system
Direct Sequence
Time Hopping
Frequency Hopping
Direct Sequence
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having different codes is known as a CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access system
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Deliver desired signal to a designated receiver Minimize the interference that it receives
only to users in the same cell but also in all other cells
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Spreading Codes
It is desired that each users transmitted signal appears noise like and random. Strictly speaking, the signals should appear as Gaussian noise Such signals must be constructed from a finite number of randomly preselected stored parameters; to be realizable The same signal must be generated at the receiver in perfect synchronization We limit complexity by specifying only one bit per sample i.e. a binary sequence
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PN Sequences
A deterministically generated sequence that nearly satisfies these properties is referred to as a Pseudorandom Sequence (PN) Periodic binary sequences can be conveniently generated using linear feedback shift registers (LFSR)
If the number of stages in the LFSR is r, P 2r - 1 where P is the period of the sequence
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PN Sequences (contd)
However, if the feedback connections satisfy a specific property, P = 2r - 1. Then the sequence is called a Maximal Length Shift Register (MLSR) or
a PN sequence.
Thus if r=15, P=32767.
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892.74 MHz
Wi M U X
Forward Traffic Channel 9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps
Block Interleaver
19.2 kbps
Decimator
I-PN x Seq
x
Q-PN Seq
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Diversity Techniques
Frequency Diversity Time Diversity Space Diversity
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seconds and if the chip rate then individual multi-path signal components can be isolated. Amplitudes and phases of the multi-path components are found by correlating the received waveform with delayed versions of the signal Multi-path with delays less than 1/Tc cant be resolved
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Rake Receiver
Search receiver indicates where in time the strongest replicas of the signal can be found
Searcher Receiver
3-Parallel Demodulator
Diversity Combiner
Rake Receiver
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Transmitted symbol received signal at each time delay Modified with the channel estimate combined symbol
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without interrupting communication with old BS same frequency assignment between old and new BS provides different site selection diversity
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BSC
R BTS
old link
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
Eb/Io Base A
margin exceeds
T_ADD Base B
T_DROP
B_Active
B added to candidate list Drop timer starts Drop timer resets Drop timer expires
Time
switched Diversity combining is used between multiple cell sites additional resistance to fading If the new cell is loaded to capacity, handoff can still be performed for a small increase in BER Neither the mobile nor the base station is required to change frequency
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Simultaneous conversations.
Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can
serve more subscribers. Smaller phones. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators. Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.
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Disadvantages of CDMA
Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are
not known to the engineering community. CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.
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