1. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Arthur C.

Guyton, John

E. Hall. 2000.
2. Human physiologyAtlases. Stefan Silbernagl. 2009. 3. Netters Atlas of human physiology. John T. Hansen, Bruse

M. Koeppen. 2009.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 1.1. Homeostasis 1.2. The internal environment

1.3. Membrane transport mechanisms

1.3.1. The electrochemical gradient 1.3.2. Classification of membrane transport systems

1.4. Membrane potentials

1.4.1. Ionic basis of membrane potentials 1.4.2. Resting membrane potential 1.5. Action potential 1.6. Refractory periods

1.7. Action potential propagation

1.8. Synaptic transmission 1.9. Skeletal muscle

1.9.1. Neuromuscular junction

1.9.2. Sarcomeres 1.9.3. Molecular components of sarcomeres 1.9.4. Sliding filament theory 1.9.5. Force of contraction 1.9.6. Skeletal muscle diversity 1.10. Smooth muscle

1.1. Homeostasis

Physiology (physis - nature, logos nature) is concerned with how a state of health and wellness is maintained in a person and, therefore, it takes a global view of how the body systems function and how they are controlled.

Major Components and Functions of the Body Systems

Body System Component(s) Major Function(s)

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Transport of materials throughout the body Assimilation of nutrients; elimination of some wastes Coordination of body functions through release of regulatory molecules Defense against pathogens

Digestive

Gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas Endocrine glands

Endocrine

Immune

Integumentary

Thymus, spleen, lymphatic system, white blood cells Skin

Protection against external environment

Major Components and Functions of the Body Systems

Body System Component(s) Major Function(s) Movement and support Coordination of body functions through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules; cognition Procreation Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with external environment Homeostasis of ion concentrations in internal environment; elimination of wastes

Musculoskeletal Skeletal muscle and bones Nervous Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Reproductive Respiratory Urinary Gonads, penis, vagina, uterus Lungs Kidneys, bladder

Homeostasis - a stable internal environment in which cells are able to function.

The stability of the bodys internal environment is defined by

the maintenance of several physiologic controlled variables within narrow normal ranges.

Some Examples of Physiologic Controlled Variables

Controlled Variable (Arterial Blood Sample) O2 partial pressure CO2 partial pressure pH Glucose Core body temperature Typical Set Point Value 100 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 7.4 90 mg/dL (5 mM) 98.4F (37C)

Serum Na+
Serum K+ Serum Ca2+ Mean arterial blood pressure Glomerular filtration rate

140 mM/L
4.0 mM/L 2.5 mM/L 90 mm Hg 120 mL /min

1.2. The internal environment

Body fluid compartments

The volume of total body water and body weight

1.3. Membrane transport mechanisms

The transport of solutes across cell membranes is fundamental to the survival of all cells, and the transport mechanisms are therefore present in all cells. Specializations in membrane transport mechanisms often underlie tissue function.

1.3.1. The electrochemical gradient

The electrochemical gradient is the driving force for ion flux, which is a combination of the membrane voltage (electrical gradient) and the ion concentration gradient (chemical gradient).

Differences of ICF and ECF

ICF ECF

Cl+

Na+ 12 mmole*l-1 K+ 155 mmole*l-1

145 mmole*l-1 4 mmole*l-1

Na+ Ca2+

Ca+ 10-8-10-7 mmole*l-1 2 mmole*l-1

ClA-

4 mmole*l-1
155 mmole*l-1

120 mmole*l-1
Other anions 5 mmole*l-1

The electrochemical gradient is the driving force for ion flux, which is a combination of the membrane voltage (electrical gradient) and the ion concentration gradient (chemical gradient).
Ions
+++++++ + + + + + + +

-- - - - - -- - + - -------

+ + + + + + +

ClK+

Chemical gradient

Electrical gradient

out cell in cell in cell in cell out cell

in cell in cell in cell out cell out cell

Na+
Ca2+

Na+ Ca+ ClA-

+++++++

1.3.2. Classification of membrane

transport systems

Classification of membrane transport systems

Passive transport pathways

Osmosis

Osmosis

Hypertonic solution NaCl (> 0,9%)

Isotonic solution NaCl ( 0,9%)

Hypotonic solution NaCl (< 0,9%)

Primary active transport

Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump)

+++++++ + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - + 3 Na+ - + - + - + - + - 2 + - + ------- +

+++++++

Secondary active transport

Cotransporters (symporters) couple the movement of two

or more solutes in the same direction.

Exchangers (antiporters) couple the movement of two

solutes in the opposite direction.

Exocytosis and endocytosis Exocytosis

Endocytosis

1.4. Membrane potentials

The resting membrane potential; all cells have a negative intracellular potential.

The presence of membrane voltages is fundamental to the function of excitable tissues (e.g., nerve, muscle and endocrine), which are able to generate and propagate electrical signals in the form of action potentials.

Nerve

Muscle

Endocrine

1.4.1. Ionic basis of membrane potentials

A. The resting membrane potential; all cells have a negative intracellular potential. B. B. Generation of a K+ diffusion potential.
+++++++

+ + + + + + +

-- - - - - -- - + -------

+ + + + + + +

ClNa+

+++++++

Ca2+

1.4.2. Resting membrane potential

The Nernst equation:

[ X ]i 61,5 E log z [ X ]o
E x = Equilibrium potential for ion z = Ion valence (+1 for K+, -1 for Cl-, +2 for Ca2+, and so on) [X]i = Intracellular concentration of X [X]o = Extracellular concentration of X

The Goldman equation:

Vm = (gK/gm)EK + (gNa/gm)ENa + (gCl/gm)ECl

gx/gm = Fractional conductance of ion x E x = Equilibrium potential for ion x

The membrane potential and its changes

Vm, mV

Derpolarization (MP>RMP)

The resting membrane potential (RMP)

-70

Polarization (MP=RMP)

Hyperpolarization (MP>RMP)

1.5. Action potential

1.6. Refractory periods

Nerve action potential

+ + + + + + +

Action potential +++++++ Cl------ - + - ------+ + + + + + +

Na+ Ca2+

+++++++

The resting

Na + in cell

+ out cell

1.7. Action potential propagation

Nerve action potential

1.8. Synaptic transmission

Electrical synapses

Components of a chemical synapses

1.9. Skeletal muscle

1.9.1. Neuromuscular junction

Innervation of skeletal muscle

The motor unit

1.9.2. Sarcomeres

Structure of skeletal muscle

The sarcomere

1.9.3. Molecular components of

sarcomeres

Molecular components of thin and thick filaments

1.9.4. Sliding filament theory

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

1.9.5. Force of contraction

Temporal summation

Temporal summation

1.9.6. Skeletal muscle diversity

Comparison of Slow Twitch and Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers Characteristic Slow Twitch (Type I) Fast Twitch (Type II) Color Metabolism Mitochondria Glycogen content Fatigability Thickness Red (myoglobin) Oxidative Abundant Low Low Thin White (low myoglobin) Glycolytic Few High High Thick

Two types of the general proportions of muscle fiber types

More fast twitch fibers

More slow twitch fibers

1.10. Smooth muscle

A. Structure of a smooth muscle cell. B. Excitation contraction coupling in smooth muscle.

Thank you for your attention!