TS4273 Traffic Engineering

Traffic Safety

SPEED REALLY DOES KILL

WHO DOES SPEED KILL

WHERE DOES SPEED KILL

HOW DOES SPEED KILL

DID YOU KNOW?

80% of motorcycle crashes kill or injure rider. While 20% of car crashes kill or injure a vehicle occupant.

The First Road Traffic Accident!

The first recorded Road Traffic Accident was Bridget Driscoll in London, August 17th.1896. The Coroner stated that it was easily avoidable and should never happen again. It Has Over 25 million times!

What is an Accident?
Up until 1650 an accident was seen as either Witchcraft or Gods will. It was then that social science began by recording births, deaths & later marriages.

Traffic Safety
Safety is the condition in which the risk of harm or damage is limited to an acceptable level State of mind that make people Thinking, Acting, Behave in such way to minimizing the exposure to danger.

Dampak Kecelakaan Transportasi Darat

GLOBAL
Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 1 juta jiwa per tahun (1,200,000 persons per year 10 jumbo jet crashes per day!) 75% terjadi di negara berkembang Kerugian mencapai 2% GDP (US$ 100 Milyar)

Dampak Kecelakaan Transportasi Darat

NASIONAL
Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 30 jiwa per hari Kerugian sekitar US$ 3,5 Milyar sekitar 2,17% GDP Indonesia

CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK (2002) (2002)

1 murder 1 murder every 32 minutes every 32 minutes 1 aggravated assault 1 aggravated assault every 35 seconds every 35 seconds 1 violent crime 1 violent crime every 22 seconds every 22 seconds

1 fatality 1 fatality every 12 minutes every 12 minutes 1 injury 1 injury every 16 seconds every 16 seconds 1 crash 1 crash every 5 seconds every 5 seconds

Death and Traffic Accidents

1990 Rank Disease / Injury Respiratory Diarhoeal Diseases Perinatal Unipolar Major Depression Ischaemic Heart Diseases Cerebrovascular Diseases Tuberculosis Measles Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2020 Rank Disease / Injury Ischaemic Heart Diseases Unipolar Major Depression Road Traffic Accidents Cerebrovascular Diseases Pulmonary Respiratory Tuberculosis Diarhoeal Diseases Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The top 10 leading global burdens 1990 2020

1. Lower respiratory infections 2. Diarrhoeal diseases 3. Perinatal conditions 4. Unipolar major depression 5. Ischaemic heart disease 6. Cerebrovascular disease 7. Tuberculosis 8. Measles 1. Ischaemic heart disease 2. Unipolar major depression 3. Road traffic injuries 4. Cerebrovascular disease 5. Chronic pulmonary disease 6. Lower respiratory infections 7. Tuberculosis

Fatality Rate 100 Million Passenger-Miles in Transport in the United States

Mode Autos and Taxis Motorcycles Local Transit Buses Railroads Domestic Scheduled Air Carriers Water Transport Rate 1,90 17,00 0,16 0,19 0,53 0,13 NA

Prime Cause of Road Accidents

Cause Human Factors Alone Human + Road Human + Vehicle Road Factors Alone Vehicle Factors Alone Human + Road + Vehicle TOTAL % of Accident 65 25 5 2 2 1 100

Americans Killed in Combat Motor Vehicle Fatalities

vs. vs.

Americans Killed in Combat vs. Motor Vehicle Fatalities

Number of Deaths
3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0

Motor Vehicle Fatalities

Combat

3,070,189

620,219
(225 years) (100 years)

Cars and Weapons!

Cars have killed more people since their invention than all the wars and conflicts put together including both World Wars!

General Road Accident Statistics in Malaysia

Year Population Vehicles Registered Road Length (Km) Number of Accidents Death Casualties Serious Slight Total

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

19,494,000 20,096,700 21,169,000 21,665,600 22,679,600 22,711,900 23,200,000 23,263,600 23,263,600 25,048,300 25,600,000

7,210,089 6,802,375 7,686,684 8,550,469 9,141,357 9,929,951 10,589,804 11,302,545 12,068,144 12,868,934 13,764,837

60,734 60,734 60,734 63,382 63,382 64,981 64,981 64,981 64,981 71,814 71,814

148,801 162,491 189,109 215,632 211,037 223,166 250,417 265,175 279,237 298,651 326,817

5,159 5,712 6,304 6,302 5,740 5,794 6,035 5,849 5,887 6,286 6,223

13,387 15,313 14,218 14,105 12,068 10,366 9,773 8,680 8,424 9,040 9,234

29,957 31,127 32,953 36,137 37,896 36,777 34,246 35,944 35,171 37,415 38,624

48,503 52,152 53,475 56,574 55,784 52,937 50,054 50,473 49,482 52,741 54,081

General Road Accident Statistics in Malaysia

Statistics Road Accidents in Malaysia (2005)

Causes of Traffic accidents in Malaysia

Combination of traffic composition Improper intersection design Provision of street lightning High traffic volume Provision of pedestrian crossing Signal light Vehicle speed

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005

Fatality Model and Safety Target in Malaysia

Fatality Model and Safety Target in Malaysia

Predictive Model of Yearly Traffic Deaths

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

Accident Preventions (proactive action) Accident Reduction (reactive action)
Improvement of hazardous location Motorcycle lane Paving of road shoulder Improvement of dangerous curve

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

Pedestrian crossing Overtaking lane Street lighting Road Maintenance

Road Maintenance Building New Road

Fatalities per 10.000 Vehicles

Profil Jumlah Kendaraan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

35,000,000 30,000,000

25,000,000

Jumlah Kendaraan

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Mobil

Bus

Truk

Motor

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

27,500 25,000 22,500 20,000

Jumlah Kejadian

17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000

Jumlah Korban

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Meninggal

Luka Berat

Luka Ringan

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

50,000,000,000 45,000,000,000 40,000,000,000

35,000,000,000 Jumlah Kerugian (Juta Rp.)

30,000,000,000

25,000,000,000

20,000,000,000

15,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

5,000,000,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Tahun

25

20

Persentase

15

10

16 - 20 Tahun 21 - 25 Tahun 26 - 30 Tahun 31 - 35 Tahun 36 - 40 Tahun 41 - 75 Tahun

Kelompok Usia

Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan di Indonesia

Pengguna Jalan (lengah, mabuk, ngebut, jarak terlalu dekat, penyeberang jalan, hewan) 93,52% Jalan (persimpangan, marka/rambu tidak jelas, permukaan licin) 3,23% Kendaraan (ban pecah, rem blong, kemudi dan lampu tidak berfungsi) 2,76% Lingkungan (mix traffic, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, cuaca) 0,49%

The Weak Link!

Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer car design and car safety systems. Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer road designs Only a few hundred dollars is spent on the most important factorTHE DRIVER!

Age the younger driver

Limited skills Sense of overconfidence Younger drivers tend to drive faster, drive at night, and drive while drunk. After the first year of driving, young drivers have acquired the basic control skills of driving but not the tactical and strategic judgment needed for safe driving.

Age the older driver

Information-processing impairments Slower response time A more restricted field of attention Reduced time-sharing abilities Reduced visual capacity, especially at night Older drivers compensate by driving more slowly and by not driving at night. Older drivers drive less safely at the control level but can compensate with appropriate choices at the tactical and strategic levels.

The Impaired Driver

Alcohol
Involved in approximately 50% of fatal highway accidents in the U.S. With blood alcohol content as low as 0.05%, drivers react more slowly, are poorer at tracking, are less effective at time-sharing, and show impaired information processing. One of the most effect interventions may be social norming.

Fatigue has roughly the same effect as alcohol.

Impairment interactions
A combination of fatigue, alcohol, and age can combine to degrade driving performance The presence of passengers may be distracting and encourage risky behavior. A young person driving with friends at night and after drinking is an extremely dangerous combination.

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

DISTRACTED DRIVING
Does Cause Crashes No Reliable info on degree of involvement Cell Phones The worst Hands free is no better DVD Players Portable and mounted Rapidly growing issue All the old standbys Not as bad as above

Drowsy & Distracted Driving

DISTRACTED DRIVING

The 3 Es
Education

Enforcement

Engineering

Education
The raising awareness of hazards and how to avoid them Child car seats Green Cross Code Induction training Subliminal Advertising Incentive schemes Accident Investigations

Training and selection

Tests of static visual acuity have very little relevance for driving. Driver's Education class may not help. Behind the wheel navigation in a vehicle may not be the best test. Simulators for training and for testing can be helpful and cost effective.

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

People do not respond rapidly to the unexpected. Since most people have not been in an accident, their expectancy is set at zero. Risk homeostasis - people tend to maintain their risk even with added safety features.

Condition Diagrams
L o c a t io n : D a t e : T h a t W a y a t K a t h y L a n e T o w n o f A n y t o w n , N Y 4 1 2 " - P O L E # 3 6 3 8 0 ' 9 / 3 0 / 0 1 a in t e n a n c e F
A N P O P R R T O H X .

I n v e s t ig a t o r : S K c a le : e y : U S E B P P t il ig v e r o o i o i i ty n r g a d n t n t

C h ip S e a ls R o a d w a y M N o t t o S c a le

K a t h y L a n e w o 1 e 6 m" a n i d e , C L r

3 6 7 '

T h r e e 1 5 " P in e s O L E # 33 53 0 ' A p p r o x . P T

3 3 5 ' P P r l o o o le e e n T r e a f T r e f C u r v f T a n g e e e a t u r e e n c y

3 3 0 '

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1 8 "

d ia .

o a k

1 6 5 ' 6 2 ' A

P P

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# 32 30 A8 ' 1 8 0 ' A

r id g e P

r a i l e n d s C

p p r o x .

p p r o x .

1 4 5 ' 4 9 ' P O L E # 3 2 5 0 ' ( 2 ) 1 1 0 ' B r id g e B R

r id g e

J o in t

r i d g e

J o i n t

a i l s t a r t s la n e s , 2 ' + / g r a v e l s h o u ld e r

1 1 ' a s p h a lt

3 ' x 5 ' b o x w / h e a d w a l ls , 0 '

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Collision Diagrams
Identify common crash types or conditions Need police crash reports to construct May require several years of crash records

Crash Mapping

Right-angle Rear-end Run-off-road Left turn Pedestrian Head-on

A More Detailed Look

12/31/01,night,snow,dui 2/5/12, day, wet

9/25/99, day, dry

Priority
FREQUENCY SEVERITY Frequent URGENT HIGH MEDIUM Occasional HIGH MEDIUM LOW Rare MEDIUM LOW LOW

Fatal Serious Minor

Collision Into Portable Barrier

= T p o s t c r a s h a n d s e m d ir e c t io n it r a ile r o f
S o u th b o u t r a v e l nd

r a c t o r

N o rth b o u n

1 9 9 6

r e ig h t lin e r

t r a c t o r

a n d

f la t b e

Final Rest of 1996 Freightliner

S o u th b o u n d

r a c St o e r m

it r a i le

N o rth b o u n

r a

c t o r

a n d

s e m

it r a il e r

s e p

a r a t e ,

Final Rest of Chevrolet SUV

= p o s t c r a s h T d ir e c t io n r a c t S o er m o f t r a v e l nd S o u th b o u it r a ile r

1 2

N o rth b o u n

C C h e v r o le t

h e v r o le t w it h s e m it r a ile r

c o llid e s

Time to react to a perceived hazard

Two seconds is a minimum.

Engineering
Altering the environment to reduce risk and chance taking
Safer car design Road design Separating vehicles and pedestrians Traffic management systems Emergency response

Driving Safety Improvements

Driver characteristics Training and selection Driver adaptation and risk calibration Regulatory compliance Vehicle characteristics Sensing and warnings Protective devices

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

The design of vehicle performance improvements, such as antilock brakes, may make the driver adjust the driving speed to maintain the same perceived risk (risk homeostatis). The design of protection features, such as widening highways from 2 to 4 lanes, has a positive effect on safety.

Sensing and warnings

High-mounted brake lights Some direct sensors of the rate of closure with the leading car

Protective devices
Failure to use shoulder/lap seat belts is associated with a 40% increase in fatalities. Air bags have a similar protective value. The most critical factor contributing to driver survival after a crash is the time from the crash scene to an emergency room.

Road design
Define engineers role in designing, operating, and maintaining safe intersections.

Engineers Role
Challenges
Safety vs. efficiency Uniformity vs. flexibility in design & operation Proactive vs. reactive in addressing safety Global vs. local scope of solution

Engineering For Safety

Problem Identification
Facility Type Existing Objective Evidence of Problem Confirm Problem Tools Mitigation. Input from police & public. Compare crash frequency with that of other intersections. Black-spot identification techniques. Prevention. Safety audit. (comparison with standards) Compare predicted crash frequency with other alternatives. Crash frequency prediction models. New

Special users: older drivers, trucks, peds

Enforcement
The formal sanctions to deter risk taking behaviour Fines & imprisonment Insurance Minimum safety standards Name & shame Driver Improvement Scheme

Regulatory compliance
Tickets and warnings Photo radar (controversial) When the highway speed limit was increased to 65 mph, the number of fatalities increased 10 to 16%. Police randomly rewarding seat-belt use by drivers with cash and coupons

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Geometry Junctions Signal Controlled Junctions Signs and Markings Pedestrian Crossing

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Geometry
Bus Stops/Vehicle Parking, stopping on main carriageway Landscaping, plants grow to traffic sign Road surfacing, polishing effect

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Junctions
Geometry of major junctions, wide junction with wide approach Side road junctions, scene of conflicts Right turn maneuvers on the route, serious problem

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Signal Controlled Junctions
Incorrect arrangement, object obstructing signal heads, inadequate inter-green. Access to signal-controlled junctions, uncontrolled-road access to signal controlled junctions observed Pedestrian facilities, high number of pedestrian fatalities Placement of signal posts, sited in the walking path.

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Signs and Markings
Inconsistent signing, leads to confusion and indecision Advance traffic sign and local directions, early and advance traffic signing Sign facings, too small size of letter. Carriageway markings, badly design and poorly laid out.

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

Pedestrian Crossing
Lack of advance warning, result in more serious injury Lack of conspicuity Width of pedestrian, too narrow

Upaya Meminimalkan Kecelakaan

Pembatasan Usia dalam pemberian SIM Pembatasan lama waktu mengemudi tanpa istirahat (2-4 jam) Ujian pengemudi Penggunaan sabuk pengaman Penyuluhan dan kampanye keselamatan lalulintas

Surat Ijin Mengemudi (SIM)

SIM-D usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda motor < 40 kpj SIM-C usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda motor > 40 kpj SIM-A usia 17 tahun, berat kendaraan < 3.500kg SIM-B1 berat kendaraan > 3.500kg, punya SIM-A > 12bln SIM-B2 kendaraan dengan gandengan, punya SIM-B1 > 12bln

Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety Issues

Road Safety Issues Classes of Initiatives Better Public Lower Safer Occupan Safer Plannin Enforceme Educatio Speed Roads t Modes ga nt s Protectio of Safer n n Travel System

Drinkdriving

Speedin g No Seat Belt Driver Fatigue

Road Safety Issues

Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety Issues

Classes of Initiatives Better Public Lower Safer Occupan Safer Plannin Enforceme Educatio Speed Roads t Modes ga nt s Protectio of Safer n n Travel System

Young Drivers Older Drivers Motorcycles

Bicycles Pedestrians

They are NEVER to young to learn about Traffic Safety

Final Thought
When I die, I want to die like my grandfather who died peacefully in his sleep. Not screaming like all the passengers in his car.
- Author Unknown

TS4273 Traffic Engineering

Traffic Safety