Blu-ray Disc

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Satish

Blu-ray Disc(also known asBlu-rayorBD) is anoptical discstoragemedium that is predicted to be the successor to theDVDformat. Its main uses arehigh-definition videoanddatastorage with 50GB per disc. The disc has the same physical dimensions as standardDVDsandCDs. The nameBlu-ray Discis derived from theblue laser(violetcolored) used to read and write to this type of disc. In part because of the shorterwavelength(405nanometres), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on aDVD, which uses a red (650nm) laser. A dual-layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50gigabytes, almost six times the capacity of a duallayer DVD, or ten and a half times that of a single-layer DVD. During theformat war over high-definition optical discs, Blu-ray Disc competed with theHD DVDformat. On February 19, 2008,Toshibathe main company supporting HD DVD announced that it would no longer develop, manufacture, or market HD DVD players and recorders,leading almost all other HD DVD companies to follow suit, effectively ending the format war.
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Histor y

CommercialHDTVsets began to appear in the consumer market around 1998, but there was no commonly-accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no medium with the storage required to accommodate HD codecs , except JVC'sDigital VHSand Sony'sHDCAM.Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would enable optical storage with higher density. WhenShuji Nakamurainvented practicalblue laser diodes, it was a sensation, although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.[7]

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Origi ns Sonystarted two projects applying the new diodes:UDO(Ultra

Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together withPioneer), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE).The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at theCEATECexhibition in October 2000.Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection.On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-rayand theBlu-ray Disc Founderswas founded by the nine initial members. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away as a newer, more secureDRMsystem was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it, not wanting to repeat the failure of theContent Scramble Systemused on DVDs. On October 4, 2004, the Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to theBlu-ray Disc Association(BDA) and20th Century Foxjoined the BDA's Board of Directors.
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Blu-ray Disc format finalized physical specifications were finished in The Blu-ray Disc

2004.In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs.The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer and Samsung, an interim standard was published which did not include some features, like managed copy.

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Competition from HD TheDVD Forum(which was chaired byToshiba) was deeply split DVD

over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed byWarner Bros.and othermotion picture studiosthat involved compressing HD content onto dual-layerDVD-9discs.In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamedHD DVDthe next year,after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation. HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market as Bluray Disc sales were slow to gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.
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This changed whenPlayStation 3launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. AtCES 2007Warner proposedTotal Hi Defwhich was a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other but it was never released. By January 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. In a June 28, 2007 press release Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anti-copying system as a key factor in their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.In February 2008, Toshiba withdrew its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu-ray as the victor. Some analysts believe that Sony'sPlayStation 3video game console played an important role in the format war, believing it acted as a catalyst for Blu-ray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing c

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Technical Type specifications

Standard disc size Mini disc size

Physical size

Single layer capacity

Dual layer capacity

12cm, single 25GB (23.28 50GB (46.57 sided GiB) GiB) 8cm, single 7.8GB (7.26 sided GiB)
Resolution 1920x1080 1920x1080 1920x800 Frame rate Aspect ratio MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only

15.6GB (14.53 GiB)

Codec

59.94-i, 50-i 16:9 24-p, 23.97616:9 p 24-p, 23.9762.40:1 p 59.94-i, 50-i 16:9

1440x1080

1440x1080

24-p, 23.97616:9 p 59.94-p, 50-p 16:9 24-p, 23.97616:9 p 59.94-i 4:3/16:9

1280x720 1280x720

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720x480

Recording speed
Drive speed 1 2 4 6 8* 12** Data rate Mbit/s 36 72 144 216 288 432 MB/s 4.5 9 18 27 36 54

Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes) Single Layer 90 45 23 15 12 8 Dual Layer 180 90 45 30 23 15

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Digital rights management

AAC Advanced Access Content System(AACS) is a standard forcontent distributionanddigital rights managaement. It is S

developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), consortiumthat includesDisney,Intel,Microsoft,Matsushita(Panasonic),Warne r Bros.,IBM,ToshibaandSony. Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on thetrusted clientproblem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in newer releases,this is only a temporary attack and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs. This cat-and-mouse game has gone through several cycles and as of August 2008 allcurrent AACS decryption
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BD BD+was developed byCryptography Research Inc.and is + on their concept ofSelf-Protecting Digital Content.BD+ is based
effectively a smallvirtual machineembedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:

examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. verify that the player's keys have not been changed. execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.

transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.
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BD-ROM BD-ROM Markis a small amount of cryptographic data that is Mark stored separately from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies
that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROMmark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

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Variant s
TheMini Blu-ray Disc(also,Mini-BDandMini Blu-ray) is a compact 8cm (~3in) diameter variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store approximately 7.5 GB of data. It is similar in concept to theMiniDVD. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices.

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BD9/BD5 Blu-ray Disc BD9andBD5are lower capacity variants of the Blu-ray Disc that
contain Blu-ray compatible video and audio streams contained on a conventionalDVD(650nm wavelength / red laser) optical disc. Such discs offer the use of the same advanced compression technologies available to Blu-ray discs (includingH.264/MPEG-4 AVC,VC-1andMPEG-2) while using lower cost legacy media. BD9 uses a standard 8152MB DVD9 dual-layer disc while BD5 uses a standard 4482MB DVD5 single-layer disc.

AVCRE C AVCREC is an official lower capacity variant of the Blu-ray Disc used
for storing Blu-ray Disc compatible content on conventional DVD discs. It is being promoted for use in camcorders, distribution of short HD broadcast content and other cost-sensitive distribution needs. It is similar toHD RECfor HD DVD.

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Blu-ray Disc Blu-ray Discrecordable refers to twooptical discformats that can recordable
be recorded with anoptical disc recorder.BD-Rdiscs can be written to once, whereasBD-REcan be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The theoretical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12. Higher speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be read properly, as with the 20 and 52 respective maximum speeds of DVDsandCDs.

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Thank u

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