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Definition of Production/Operational Plan Transformation Process Material/Inventory Requirement Planning Acquisition of plant, machinery & equipment Operational Manpower Planning Operational Layout Plan Selection of Location Operational/Production Budget
Definition
Production/Operational plan involves the production of a product or service according to the quantity, quality, specification and time specified by the customer at the lowest cost possible An operational activity include: Business inputs Transformation process Output
Transformation Process
Controlling
Process Flowchart
It is schematic representation of the production/operation process from the start until the product or service is sold or delivered It must show: The sequence (step by step) Description of each process/activity Time (days,hours or minutes)
Conventional Symbols
Symbol Activity
Operation
Description
Materials are being processed or information being processed or the process of planning and calculating. Movement of materials from one place to another. Inspection on the quantity or quality of the product.
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Transporting Inspection
Conventional Symbols
Symbol Activity
Delay
Description
Process is delayed or materials waiting for further process. Materials are stored in the storage area or warehouse.
Storage
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Selecting a Location
Factors to be considered: Distance from source of materials Supply of labor Transportation Distance from target market Price of the property Other factors: Basic infrastructure & facilities Schools, housing, banks etc.
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Operation Budget
Cost of machinery and equipment Direct materials Direct labor Prime cost Factory/operational overheads
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Rancangan Kewangan
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Rancangan kewangan
Rancangan kewangan menyediakan gambaran menyeluruh tentang jumlah dan pemasaran dana yang diperoleh, kegunaan dana, jumlah tunai yang ada dan anggaran dana, dan anggaran kedudukan kewangan sesuatu perniagaan.
Rancangan kewangan menyediakan asas bagi pemantauan perbelanjaan jangka pendek dan membantu menghalang berlakunya salah satu masalah biasa dihadapi oleh perniagaan baharu, iaitu masalah kekurangan tunai.
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Belanjawan Kewangan
Alat penting dalam merancang operasi kewangan seperti: - Belanjawan operasi - Belanjawan tunai - Belanjawan modal
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It also shows how the requirements are going to be financed (using internal and external resources).
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Continue
A financial plan should also include the projections of the financial statements such as the cash flow, profit & loss and balance sheet. A financial plan should include some financial analysis in order to determine the viability of the proposed business/project.
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Step 3:
Prepare the projected cash-flow statements (for 3 years). For year 1 monthly. For year 2 and 3 annually.
Step 4:
Prepare projected trading, profit & loss statements (for 3 years). For manufacturing companies, include manufacturing accounts.
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Step 5:
Prepare projected balance sheet statements (for 3 years).
Step 6:
Perform relevant financial analysis based on the projected financial statements.
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Deposits
Rental Utilities
Sources of Fund
Sources of fund refer to the source where fund to finance the project cost is secured. It can be internally or externally generated. Equity Contribution Cash Assets Term Loan Hire-Purchase Scheme Others
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Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
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Cash Outflows
Operational expenditure Marketing expenditure Administrative expenditure Loan repayment Hire-purchase repayment Purchase of fixed assets Pre-operational expenses Miscellaneous expenses
Pembayaran tunai yg berkaitan dgn operasi biasa seperti belian stok, bayaran hutang kepada pembekal dan bayaran overhed. Pembayaran tunai yg tidak termasuk dalam operasi biasa seperti bayaran cukai perniagaan, belian aset bukan semasa, bayaran balik pinjaman (pokok) dsb
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Cash Position
Beginning cash + Surplus/ (- Deficit) = Ending cash Note: The ending cash balance for a particular month becomes the beginning balance for the next consecutive month
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Penyediaan pro-forma penyata aliran wang tunai adalah penting bagi menjawab soalan-soalan berikut:
Bilakah projek yang dijalankan memperoleh lebihan wang tunai, dan bilakah mengalami kekurangan (defisit) wang tunai? Adakah aktiviti yang dirancang memerlukan pembiayaan kewangan tambahan? Jika memerlukan pembiayaan, berapakah jumlah pembiayaan dan bila ia diperlukan? Berapakah jumlah pembiayaan yang mampu diperoleh daripada sumber dalaman, dan berapakah jumlah yang diperlukan daripada sumber luaran?
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B C
20,000 50,000
20,000 50,909
20,000 51,818
20,000 52,727
20,000 53,636
20,000 54,545
20,000 55,454
20,000 56,363
20,000 57,272
20,000 58,181
20,000 59,090
20,000 59,999
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375 5,000 333 133 23,000 7,000 4,000 2,700 800 42,500 30,000 30,000
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
3,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 5,000 1,000 2,000 750 375
36,000 36,000 24,000 12,000 6,000 60,000 12,000 24,000 9,000 4,500 5,000 4,000 1,600 23,000 7,000 4,000 2,700 800 271,600 40,900 40,900
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
333 133
337 137
D E F
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B C
36,000 36,000 24,000 12,000 6,000 60,000 12,000 24,000 9,000 4,500 5,000 4,000 1,600 23,000 7,000 4,000 2,700 800 271,600 40,900 40,900
37,800 37,800 25,200 12,600 6,000 63,000 12,600 25,200 9,000 3,600 0 4,000 1,600 0 0 0 1,500 0 239,900 77,000 77,000
39,690 39,690 26,460 13,230 6,000 66,150 13,230 26,460 9,000 2,700 0 4,000 1,600 0 0 0 1,500 0 249,710 144,690 144,690
D E F
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Opening stock for finished goods Add: Cost of goods manufactured Stocks available for sale Minus: Closing stock for finished goods
Gross Profit
Opening stock for finished goods Add: Purchases for the year Available stocks for sale Minus: Closing stock for finished goods
Gross Profit
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Gross Profit
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(Service Companies) Sales Less: Expenses Administrative Marketing Operational Financial Depreciation charges Other expenses Net Profit Before Tax
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Example: Profit & Loss Account For Manufacturing & Trading Companies
Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold Gross Profit Less: Expenses Administrative 96,000 Marketing 18,000 Financial: Interest on term loan 4,500 Interest on hire-purchase 1,600 Depreciation charges 11,800 Pre-operational expenditure 2,700 Total Expenditure Net Profit Before Tax 240,000 90,000 150,000
134,600 15,400
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Less: Expenses Administrative Marketing Operational Financial: Interest on term loan Interest on hire-purchase Depreciation charges Pre-operational expenditure Total Expenditure Net Profit
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Fixed Assets Machinery & Equipment Furniture and Fixtures Renovation Van Current Assets Cash Closing stock for raw materials Closing stock for finished goods Deposits Total Assets Equity Capital Net profit Long-term Liabilities Term-loan Hire-purchase Total Equity & Liabilities
47,200
47,700 94,900
42,900
52,000 94,900
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47,200
41,700 88,900
52,000 88,900
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