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The Molecules of a Cell
Macromolecules Polysaccharides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
We Inherit mitochondria DNA from Mother
exclusively.
X- inactivation.
Genome Stability vs. Evolution
Collagens, proteoglycans,
soluble multiadhensive matrix proteins
Plants cells are rigidly tied together by extensive
interlocking of the cell walls of neighboring cells.
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Cells Sense and Send Information
Cells Regulate Their Gene Expression
to Meet Changing Needs
Cells Grow and Divide
Cells Die from Aggravated Assaults or an
Internal Program
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Genetics Reveals the Consequences
of Altered Genes
1. Metabolic proteins, the genetic code, and organelle structures are nearly universal.
2. Many genes controlling development are remarkably similar in human and other animals.
3. Darwin’s ideas about the evolution of whole animals are relevant to genes.
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Hydrophobic interactions are entropy-
driven and therefore are stronger at
higher temperatures.
△G = △H - T ·△S
Chemical Equilibrium
A + B →C + D
Rate forward = kf [A][B]
Rate reverse = kr [C][D]
When in equilibrium
HA ⇔ H + A-
Ka = [H][A-] / [HA]
-log Ka = -log[H]-(log[A-]-log[HA])
pKa= pH - log ([A- ]/[HA])
pH=pKa+ log ([A- ]/[HA])
△G = △H - T ·△S < 0
A ↔ B + X △G = =+5 kcal/mol
X ↔ Y + Z △G = =- 10 kcal/mol
30 ATP’s
△G (cal/mole) = - n (23,064)△E (volts)
△E reduction potential
(affinity for electrons)