Cell

Biochemical processes
are called

Metabolism
includes

anabolism build

catabolism break down

Is metabolic reactions that

complex molecules
For example

photosynthesis

digestion

What are needed to speed up the biochemical reactions?

 Enzymes

are protein molecules produced by living cell to speed up the rate of reactions. = Biological catalysts Without enzymes, biological reaction will take too long to complete.

Enzymatic reaction
reactant
enzyme

Substance formed at the end

substrate
Sucrose + water
sucrase

product
glucose + fructose

1. 2.

3.
4.

All enzymes are proteins. Enzymes speed up biochemical reaction. Enzymes are not changed/destroyed by the reactions. Sensitive to pH and temperature.

5. Enzymes are highly specific.

Each enzyme can usually catalyse only a single reaction/one kind of substrate. Specific sites = active sites

Bind to specific substrates

Enzyme + substrate

Enzyme Substrate complex

Product + enzyme

6. Enzymes are needed in small amounts

They are not used up but released at the end of the reaction.

7. Most metabolic reactions are reversible. 8. Enzymes activities can be slowed down or completely stopped by inhibitors.

Ex: heavy metals leads, mercury

9. Many enzymes require helper molecules cofactors to function.

Bind to enzymes and help to weaken the bonds in the substrate. Ex: inorganic ferum, copper organic vitamin B complex

substrate Lactose

Enzyme Lactase

Sucrose
Lipid
Exception: Pepsin, trypsin, rennin

Sucrase
Lipase

Enzymes

Intracellular enzymes

Extracellular enzymes

Retain in the cell

Secrete to external

 Nucleus Ribosomes Rough

ER Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

 pH
Temperature Substrate

concentration Enzyme concentration

 Enzymes

are sensitive to the changes of pH Enzyme can only function optimally at particular pH Optimum pH is the pH at which the rate of reaction is at maximum

slight change in pH can alter the charges on the active sites of the enzymes & substrate surfaces This reduce the ability of both molecules to bind to each other.

 The

effects of pH on enzymes are normally reversible When pH reverts to optimum level, the ionic charges on active sites are restored. Thus, enzymes resume their normal function

 At

low tem., reaction slow As tem. Increase, movement of molecules increase Increase the colliding with one another For every 10oC rise, rate of reaction is doubled Optimum tem. = the tem. At which an enzymes catalyses a reaction at maximum rate.

 After

optimum tem., the bonds that hold enzyme begin to break This alter the 3D shape of enzymes Active site is destroyed Enzymes are denatured (irreversible)

Sub. con increase, more substrate are available to bind with enzymes More collisions between substrate and enzymes Speed up the reaction if there are enough enzymes The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the sub. con. Until a maximum rate All active sites of enzymes are filled & engaged Enzymes are saturated Concentration of enzyme become a limiting factor

 En.

con. increase, more en. are available The rate of reaction will increase only if there is an abundant supply of substrate. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme until a max rate is achieved The sub. con. become a limiting factor

 Tenderises

meat Remove the skin of fish As biological washing powder or detergents dissolve protein stain in clothes

 Ripening

of cheese

 Extracts

agar from seaweed Break down cellulose and removes seed coats from cereal grains