EVOLUTION & SPECIATION

VOCABULARY
Complimentary Base Paring Joining
of the bases in DNA. Adenine is complementary to Thymine. Guanine is complementary to Cytosine.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) String

of nucleotides that contains the genetic material for an organism.

VOCABULARY
Double Helix Twisted structure of
double stranded DNA

Mutation- a feature resulting from a

change in the genetic material

Nitrogenous Base- component of a

nucleotide in DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

VOCABULARY
Sugar-phosphate backbone Component
of DNA that makes up the side of the structure

Convergent Evolution- development of

similarity between two unrelated species.

Divergent Evolution-decreasing similarity

between species over time

VOCABULARY
Evolutionary Change Change in the gene pool of
a species over time due to environment pressure. Survival of the Fittest.

Natural Selection- Process where nature selects

for certain individuals to survive and pass on genes.

Non-random mating-mating that occurs with

human influence.

VOCABULARY
Gene flow Change in the gene pool of a
population from having new individuals join the population and mating

Genetic drift random changes to the gene

frequencies in a gene pool

Gradual change model-explanation that

evolutionary change happens slowly and gradually over long periods of time.

VOCABULARY
Punctuated equilibrium model Evolutionary
change due to a drastic environmental impact (ice age, earthquake etc.)

Speciation Development of a new species due to

isolation of a population over a long period of time

VOCABULARY
POPULATION GROUP OF
INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES THAT INTERBREED

GENE POOL COMMON GROUP OF

ALL GENES PRESENT IN A POPULATION

Gene Pool
Combined genetic info. of all members

Genetic Drift changes populations. Random change in allele frequency causes an allele to become common

 Gene Flow:

genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)

 Nonrandom mating: inbreeding and

assortive mating

 Natural Selection:
differential success in reproduction; only form of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment

Evolution of Populations
Occurs when there is a change in relative frequency of alleles

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant

mutation!

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant

Phenotype Expression

Depends on

how many genes control that trait

SPECIATION
THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES AS NEW SPECIES EVOLVE,
POPULATIONS BECOME REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED

REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

MEMEBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.

Table 23.1a

Tigon
Result of male tiger and female lion mating incaptivity. Offspring are infertile. Separated both geographically and ecologically.

Liger
Result of male lion and female tiger mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile.

Table 23.1b

Fig. 23.6

Four species of leopard frogs: differ in their mating calls. Hybrids are inviable.

These squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This is an example of allopatric speciation.

Hawaiian Honeycreepers
An example of adaptive radiation these species all diverged from a common ancestor (founder species)

FOUNDER SPECIES

SPECIATION IN DARWINS FINCHES

SPECIAITON IN THE GALAPAGOS
FINCHES OCCURRED BY:
- FOUNDING OF A NEW POPULATION, - GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION which led to - REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION and

CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATIONS GENE POOL due to COMPETITION.

Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil Record
2. Geographic Distribution of Living
Species

3. Homologous Body structures 4. Similarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved

Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

Marsupial Mammals

Sugar Glider

Flying Squirrel

Convergent Evolution and Analogous Structures

Placental mammals

Mammalia

Rat like common ancestor

Big Question!!!
How did life arise on the big blue planet??
Scientists attempt to answer this question scientifically.

Big Bang Theory

A cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions created the universe 10-20 billion years ago
Evidence it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds Cosmic radiation from the explosion can be observed The Big Bang theory probably will never be proven; consequentially, leaving a number of tough, unanswered questions.

What was early earth like?

Earth was Hot!! Little or no oxygen Gasses in atmosphere: Hydrogen cyanide (poison to you!) Hydrogen sulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Nitrogen

So how did the earth get oxygen?

Some of that oxygen was generated by

photosynthetic cyanobacteria Some came from the chemical separation of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.

 Oxygen drove some life

forms to extinction Others evolved ways of using oxygen for respiration

How did life begin?

Miller and Ureys Experiment Passed sparks through a mixture of hydrogen methane ammonia and water This produced amino acids the building blocks of life

Millers experiment suggests that lightning could have produced amino acids

How can simple amino acids result in life? There are 3 theories
1. Formation of microspheres Large organic molecules can sometimes form tiny proteinoid microspheres Store and release energy, selectively permeable membranes, may have acquired more characteristics of living cells

nd 2

Hypothesis for Life

Evolution of RNA to DNA

RNA was assembled from simple organic molecules in a primordial soup

RNA was able to replicate itself and eventually form DNA Not scientifically proven to be possible

rd 3

Theory of Life

Endosymbiotic theory eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms Ancient prokaryotes entered primitive eukaryotic cells and remained there as organelles