Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2006 version
Pre-course Survey
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I want to survive a nuclear attack. Survival from a nuclear attack is possible. The Government has made all necessary preparations to protect me . Protection against nuclear weapon effects is possible. In a nuclear war, the earth will be destroyed. In a Fallout Shelter, purposeful leadership is as important as protection from radiation or food and water. Combining my skills and resources with those of others will enable us to survive. How long will lethal radiation last? Yes ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1 week 1 month 1 year forever 1 week 1 month 1 year never 75-100% 50-75% 25-50% 0-25% No ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
9.
10. What portion of our population will be alive 1-year after an attack?
- 7,500 immediate deaths - 25,000 contaminated victims (10,000 acute & 15,000 moderate) - 100,000 displaced persons
Having and using Fallout Shelters would minimize these casualties.
FEMA/DHS Guidance
3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
List the three principles of radiation protection and how they are embodied in a Fallout Shelter.
Know how to create a shelter staff and organize the shelter population. Operate a Fallout Shelter during the three phases of shelter life. Know the importance of an orderly preparation for life in the postattack recovery period. Describe the emergency, expedient plans for stocking, equipping and upgrading the protection of Fallout Shelters.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
2.0 hours
1.5 hours
2.5 hours
1.0 hours .5 hours 8.0 hours
Protective Options
Evacuation
Feasible if completed before fallout/contamination arrives. Area would have to be small and time adequate. Detonation effects (blast/thermal/EMP) may impede evacuation. Evacuees may be exposed and/or contaminated.
Shelter In Place
Critical facilities that can not evacuate, e.g., hospitals, must continue to operate. Necessary if fallout/contamination will arrive before evacuation complete Fallout Shelters needed to protect against high level radiation/detonation. Shelter-in-place (not necessarily Fallout Shelter) near RDD/very low level. Shelter stay would range from a few days to 2 weeks. Authorities outside affected area can organize rescue/evacuation effort. Shelterees may be exposed and/or contaminated.
Feasible only if all staff and patients/clients can evacuate before fallout/contamination arrives and operations transferred to an alternate facility.
Shelter In Place
Necessary if operations can not be transferred or if staff & clients can not evacuate. Necessary if needed to support operations of other response agencies. Must have Radiological Monitoring & Exposure Control capabilities Critical Facilities may be used to shelter families of the staff. Critical Facilities will not be used to shelter the general public.
The mission of the Fallout Shelter Manager: Protect the lives of as many people as possible and assist them to enter the post-attack world well enough in mind and body to begin reconstruction of society.
Within the Fallout Shelter, the Shelter Manager works as an extension of city or county government.
(b) Neither the state nor any political subdivision thereof nor other agencies of the state or political subdivisions thereof, nor, except in cases of willful misconduct, gross negligence or bad faith, any emergency management worker, individual, partnership, association or corporation complying with or reasonably attempting to comply with this chapter or any order, rule or regulation promulgated pursuant to the provisions of this chapter or pursuant to any ordinance relating to blackout or other precautionary measures enacted by any political subdivision of the state, shall be liable for the death of or injury to persons, or for damage to property, as a result of any such activity. The provisions of this section shall not affect the right of
any person to receive benefits to which he would otherwise be entitled under this chapter or under the Worker's Compensation Law or under any pension law, nor the right of any such person to receive any benefits or compensation under any act of Congress. (c) Any requirement for a license to practice any professional, mechanical or other skill shall not apply to any authorized emergency management worker who shall, in the course of performing his duties as such, practice such professional, mechanical or other skill during an emergency management emergency.
(d) As used in this section, the term "emergency management worker" shall include any full-or part-time paid, volunteer or auxiliary employee of this state, or other states, territories, possessions or the District of Columbia, of the federal government, of any neighboring county or of any political subdivision thereof, or of any agency or organization performing emergency management services at any place in this state subject to the order or control of, or pursuant to, a request of, the state government or any political subdivision thereof.
(e) Any emergency management worker, as defined in this section, performing emergency management services at any place in this state pursuant to agreements, compacts or arrangements for mutual aid and assistance to which the state or a political subdivision thereof is a party, shall possess the same powers, duties, immunities and privileges he would ordinarily possess if performing his duties in the state, province or political subdivision thereof in which normally employed or rendering services. (Acts 1955, No. 47, p. 267, 16.)
_________ has more than 123 federally surveyed and approved Public Fallout Shelters. Total capacity is _________ persons. _________ has reserved a few Fallout Shelters for use in Direction and Control, Medical and Recovery operations. Some are privately owned. Hundreds of privately owned Tornado/Fallout shelters exist. A number of unsurveyed but potential shelters exist that could augment existing federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters.
Fallout Shelters are not intended for use after use of a RDD (but may be).
Contamination from a RDD can be expected to cover a few up to a few hundred acres with low-level radioactive material;
A nuclear detonation may affect large areas (10-100 sq. miles) damaged by direct effects and 100s to 1,000s of sq. miles with radioactive fallout.
Principles of Leadership
The Shelter Manager must:
Assume command rapidly Act with authority Delegate authority Organize people into task teams to meet needs Refrain from personal over involvement with shelterees. Establish priorities Set a schedule Be an example of model behavior Recognize the changing needs of the shelterees Keep people informed Motivate people
Emergence
Shelter Emergencies
The Shelter Manager may be faced with life-threatening emergencies and must plan to cope with them. Examples are: Structural damage to the shelter from a nearby detonation. Fire in the shelter. Dangerously high radiation levels. Severely high temperatures and humidity. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide imbalance in the shelter. Depletion of essential supplies.
Weapon Effects
Nuclear Weapons produce effects in a time sequence. In order of occurrence and duration, they are: Initial Nuclear Radiation Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Heat Blast/Shock Residual Nuclear Radiation or FALLOUT - less than 1 second - first few seconds - few to 90 seconds - up to 60 seconds - diminishes very rapidly at first, then slowly over . . . hours, days, weeks, years . . .
Term:
Curie, Ci
Measures decay activity and is expressed as disintegrations per second, DPS or counts per minute, CPM. Alpha & beta radiation rates are typically expressed in CPM 1 Ci = 3.7 billion DPS
Becquerel, Bq
Term: RAD, RAD/hr (Radiation Absorbed Dose) Measures energy of any radiation in any mater.
1 Gy = 100 RAD
Term: REM, REM/hr (Roentgen Equivalent Man) Measures energy of any radiation in people.
1 Sv = 100 REM
Uranium 226Ra, Radium 228Ra, Radium 210Pb, Lead 210Po, Polonium 40K, Potassium 14C, Carbon 3H, Tritium 87Rb, Rubidium 90Sr, Strontium
The total radioactivity in the body is 277,582 pCi. This is 10,270 radioactive decays per second (DPS) and 887,374,138 (887 million) disintegration per day in the body. Each radioactive decay produces radiation.
Sources: Radiation Protection (pages 56, 370), Shapiro, 1990, Harvard Press.
Not to scale Heat Blast Shock EMP INR Fallout minimal nil nil maximized none nil maximized maximized nil moderate nil minimal moderate moderate moderate moderate maximized maximized nil nil maximized minimal minimal minimal
Weapon Yield Ground Burst *500 KT 4 miles 1 MT 5 miles 5 MT 8 miles Doubling yield does not double the reach.
Fallout Decay
Weather Patterns
Rate/Time 2800 R/Hr at H+1 280 R/Hr at H+8 28 R/Hr at H+49 2.8 R/Hr at H+343
Principles of Protection
Time Fallout radiation intensity decays rapidly; 90% in just the first 7 hours. The less time you spend in a radiation field, the less dose received.
Distance
The farther you are from a source, the less dose you receive.
Shielding
Denser (heavier, massive) materials absorb more radiation. Greater thickness of any given material absorbs more radiation.
Outside radiation, divided by the Protection Factor, is reduced in proportion. For example, if the outside radiation rate is 1,000 R/hr, a person shielded by 3 ft. of earth would receive a dose rate of .5 R/hr. but a person shielded by 1 ft of earth would receive about 10 R/hr.
If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.
Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum.
What dose will a person who is outside the shelter until 0500 accumulate?
10 sq. ft./person with a 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated. A Fallout Protection Factor, FPF, of 10 or more and A capacity of 50 persons or more.
Other, best available (but still federally approved) shelters must offer:
The same area/volume & FPF characteristics, A capacity less than 50 persons.
Advise the SM how to rotate shelterees between different areas to equalize exposure to radiation and accumulated doses.
Set time limits for those working outside the shelter (Exposure Control.)
Coordinate trips outside the shelter with EMA or your RM. Set Exposure Limits: Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outside and who can go.
As a result of escalating international tensions (Increased Readiness) Upon the Attack Warning from the federal government Upon a detonation with no warning
Public instructed to bring water, food, medicine, bedding, etc. with them. If time allows, the shelters would be staffed and efforts made to stock them with water, first aid kits, sanitation/hygiene supplies and food.
The public enters the shelters only upon the Attack Warning.
Increase shielding by: First: Second: Third: Forth: Last: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances. Add wooden supports on each story. Add a maximum of 12 dirt on upper floors/roof. Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets. Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.
1. Determine what shielding capabilities the structure has. Upgrade the shielding where needed.
2. Select, train and assign Shelter Managers and Radiological Monitors.
3. If available, stock shelters with water, sanitation/hygiene & first aid supplies & food plus radiological monitoring instruments provided through EMA.
4. SM fills all shelter staff positions and begin Shelter Team training/functions.
Attack Warning Signal - a 3 to 5 minute wavering siren means that an actual attack or missile launch against the US has been detected; take protective action immediately. This signal will be used for no other purpose and will have no other meaning.
Alert Signal - is a 3 to 5 minute steady siren means turn on your radio or television and listen for emergency information and instructions. This signal is typically used to during Tornado Warnings or other peacetime emergencies such as a Hazardous Material release.
SCH 1 16 Shelters
SCH 2 15 Shelters
SCH 3 22 Shelters
SCH 4 22 Shelters
SCH 5 11 Shelters
SCH 6 14 Shelters
SCH 7 14 Shelters
SCH 8 24 Shelters
SCH 9 15 Shelters
Shelter Organization
The Shelter Manager is responsible for organizing shelterees into specialized teams capable of group survival. These teams are: Leadership Teams Management (Task) Teams Groups of people communities
2.2B1
0700 0730 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130 Noon 1230 1300 1330 1400 1430 1500 1530 1600 1630 1700 1730 1800 1830 1900 1930 2000 2030 2100 2130 2200 2230 2300 *
Wake up * Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Training Training. Education for school children Free time for quiet activities * Lunch Clean up Information and Training session Education for school children Emergency Drill Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Recreation activities
Sleep
* Dinner Clean up Daily Briefing Training session Recreation activities Free time for quiet activities Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Lights out If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods. If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.
Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Group meeting or Sick Call Coffee Break Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time Dinner Clean up Free time Recreation Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep
Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training
Shelter Groups
The needs of everyone are met by organizing and exerting leadership through four groups: Core Management Staff Task Teams Community Groups Advisory Group
2.2Cx
2.E 3-5
Task Teams
Task Teams plan and implement activities such as training, feeding, medical care, etc. The Task Team Chief is responsible to assign, train, schedule & supervise members of his team. He is responsible for members while they are on duty with the team. Considerations for team assignments: Reunite family or friends Rotate assignments or unpleasant tasks Give variety to the routine Gain better cooperation Give it a rest!
Registration
Registration is the best means for obtaining information to: Identify & define skills & talents among the shelterees (in addition to job skills.) Provide data for assigning people to Task Teams & Community Groups. Aid in reuniting families, return of personal property & taking the shelter census. The Administrative Team keeps shelter records. At entry, get only the essential information; wait for a more appropriate time to complete Registration Forms. In Critical Facilities, spouses, children, relatives & friends of employees must be expected, accommodated and organized! Put them to use!
2F
2G
2.H23
The Shelter Manager should inventory all supplies and materials as soon as possible after entry.
Prepare to ration supplies for a 14 day stay Develop multiple uses for supplies & materials
2.H23
1. 2. 3.
2.H23
Shelter Records - 1
A Shelter Log is kept by the Administrative Team to record:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Changes in vital statistics: census; births & deaths Medical events & treatments Serious violations of Shelter Rules Major management decisions Daily summary of shelter status & problems
2.I4-6
Shelter Records - 2
A Communications Log is Kept by the Communications Team
Shelter Records - 3
Medical records are kept by the Medical Team
1. Record the names of those with medical problems, their symptoms, medication & treatment.
2. Deaths and circumstances are recorded
Shelter Records - 4
A Supply Status Summary is kept by the Supply Team:
Shelter Records - 5
A Radiation Monitoring Log is kept by the Radiological Monitor
1. Enter shelter survey dose rates, best protected area and FPF data.
2. Enter readings, by area on radiation levels & accumulated exposures.
Private Property - 1
Personal items that may be useful include:
Notebooks Cell phones Knives Radios, DVDs, CDs Flashlights Laptops, PDAs Nails, nuts & bolts
Private Property - 2
A working car will be worth its weight in gold!
2.K.
2.L.1
Make clear you are concerned with group survival, not punishing one individual. Violent responses or expulsion from the Shelter are not recommended. If restraint is warranted, wrap person in sheets & bind with belts, rope, etc. and set a 24/7 watch on him/them in a isolated, secure area.
2.M
* Dinner Clean up Daily Briefing Training session Recreation activities Free time for quiet activities Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Lights out If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods. If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.
Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Group meeting or Sick Call Coffee Break Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time Dinner Clean up Free time Recreation Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep
Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training
3.A2-3
1.
2.
Natural ventilation
Forced ventilation
Effective Temperature, ET
ET is a measure of temperature, humidity and air movement combined.
People are much more comfortable at high temperature with low humidity and air movement than in high humidity or still air.
ET may greatly lower the shelter capacity - far, far below nominal capacity!
Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90% Reliability of Not Exceeding 82o ET
If you must reduce the number of people in your shelter, where will you send them?
50 ET
67-72 ET 78-85 ET 85-90 ET >95 ET
Temperature Control
Control high temperatures by:
Avoiding heat producing activities Utilize the initial coolness of the shelter Ventilation
Control low temperature with: Warm food & beverages Body coverings Physical activity Bundling
Ventilation Techniques
Kearny Fan
Inhale 21%
Exhale 15.3%
3.5%
N2 H2 O
Noxious Substances
Gas: Source: Symptoms:
Carbon Monoxide
Decomposing human waste Cleaning agents Solvents Degreasers Batteries Fire Extinguishers, etc.
3.B1-2
Water
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Control the use & distribution of water. 2. Secure & make drinkable alternate water sources 3. Control water consumption.
1 Quart of water/day/person is the recommended ration. This is below what people normally need but is acceptable as an austere ration when: Temperature and humidity are close to optimum, Physical activity is restricted, Salty or protein rich foods are eliminated, and Disease/injury that increase the need for water are absent.
3.B 1-2
Water-2
Water is essential for life. When deprived of water, the physical damage to the body becomes irreversible; after 4 or 5 days without, water will not help a person recover. Symptoms of water deprivation are:
1. 2. 3.
3.B 1-2A
The water may have to be purified, filtered or decontaminated for biological organisms & hazardous chemicals. Fallout is nearly insoluble in water & is easily filtered out with, e.g., a towel.
Water Rationing
"An Equal Amount For All is generally the best rule.
Exceptions:
1. Team members involved in strenuous physical activity. 2. Diabetics, burn victims, the injured, etc. 3. Infants, nursing mothers, etc.
3.B 8-9
Water Rationing - 2
Serve at regular intervals, up to 6 times a day.
If practical, keep a "water log" for each individual to allow more flexibility in rationing.
Issue each individual a drinking cup; mark it keep it in a safe place to use for the entire shelter stay. Restrict the use of water for other purposes such as hygiene, sanitation, fire fighting or decontamination.
Safety
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Be able to meet such environmental emergencies as: Fire, toxic fumes, smoke, & oxygen depletion Structural damage Panic among the shelterees
2. Organize a safety program. 3. Prepare shelterees to respond to emergencies.
3.C. 1-3
3.C. 1-3A
Fire Extinguishers
Preferred types: - Dry chemical - Sand - Water
Oxygen
Heat
Fuel
Types to avoid: - Carbon dioxide - Halon systems (Oxygen displacing) - Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104; now illegal ) - Bromotriflouroumethane (Halon 1301) - Soda Acid (now illegal but may be in older buildings)
Food
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Control and distribute food. 2. Keep food edible. 3. Meet the special needs of infants, the elderly, the sick and the injured.
Sources of Food
Food may be stocked during Increased Readiness from commercial suppliers. Food may be brought by people entering the shelter. Some food may already be in the shelter building.
Rationing may be required; a shelter census, an inventory and the estimated length of shelter stay are necessary.
Hold some food in reserve for the unexpected: spoilage, overcrowding or a longer than expected stay.
Food Rationing
An equal portion for all is again generally best. The same exceptions in water rationing may apply. Meals should be served on a regular schedule, 5 or 6 times a day in conjunction with the water serving.
Sleep
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Designate a sleep area, group & position the people. 2. Provide bedding and other equipment. 3. Control nighttime disturbances, etc.
Sleeping Arrangements
A single shift for sleep is best.
3.E 3-7
Sleeping Arrangements
Sanitation
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Provide an adequate number of toilets (& TP). 2. Maintain shelter cleanliness. 3. Allow those personal hygiene activities that can be permitted.
Sanitation Considerations . . .
1. Isolate the toilet area from all other areas and, if possible, near an exhaust vent to control odors & fumes. 2. Establish these guidelines to insure fire safety, good health, hygiene and high morale:
Remove trash & garbage from the living areas ASAP. Hold regular cleanups, especially after each meal. Devise secondary uses for reusable items. Do not use water for cleaning or hygiene unless the supply is unlimited and humidity no problem.
3.F.
Medical
Four goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Establish a medical capability. Detect sickness, injury & other medical problems. Treat those sicknesses and injuries. Set up a preventive medicine program.
3.GI4A
Medical Supplies
Some shelters will have First Aid supplies already there.
3.GI4B
3.GI4C
Medical Staff
Identify those with a medical background at Registration.
3.GI4D
Medical Operations
A separate "sickbay" should be created and isolated from the Medical Team examination, diagnosis & treatment area. This isolated sickbay: 1. Allows easier & better care. 2. Reduces the spread of contagious diseases. 3. Reduces the demoralizing effect of sickness on the rest of the shelterees. A system for detection & diagnosis should be instituted: 1. At entry; screen shelterees by trained medical staff as available. 2. After entry; sick persons report to the examination & treatment area. 3. Daily; at a scheduled Sick Call. 4. Daily; with medical rounds throughout the shelter medical continued.
3.GI4E
Medical Priorities
Treat all shelterees who have medical problems. But, if there are not supplies or medical staff to give everyone attention, then the Shelter Manager must establish a system of priorities... Such a system of priority treatment already exists and can be adapted to the fallout shelter. The system is called Triage (French "to Sort).
Triage categories, in order of treatment priority, are suggested: Immediate Immediate treatment will save life. Delayed Non-life threatening injury; treatment can wait. Expectant Mortally wounded; treatment will not succeed. Dead Set aside until burial/disposal can be arranged.
3.G 2-13A
Medical - Mortuary
In event of death:
Attach durable identification to the body, wrap it securely and remove it from the shelter area.
Protect against vermin/scavengers Consult with the EOC before burial.
3.6
Respiratory Ailments, Winter Respiratory Ailments, Summer Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Winter Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Summer Digestive Ailments Other
47 15 7 5 3 16
1. Insure as many portable auxiliary lighting devices are brought into the shelter at entry as possible.
2. Control the use of emergency power should normal power fail. 3. Provide sufficient light in each different shelter area for each particular shelter task.
3.H 145
Before you do any of the following if car starts reserve car for use by Messengers or as a battery charger Dont disable a good car!
Remove car batteries - only from cars that do not start - parked near shelter Remove dome lights, trunk lights, etc. & with at least 18-36 of wires. Position batteries in shelter; attach wires & lights As batteries discharge, replace with new batteries or recharge batteries
Communications
The three goals of the Shelter Manager are:
3.I 1-6A
In-shelter Communications
Megaphone
3.I 1-6B
External Communications
Telephones/cell phones
Two-way radios
Messengers, once it Is safe
3.I 1-6C
3.I
Routine:
Training
The Two goals of the Shelter Manager:
Psychological Support
The two goals of the Shelter Manager: 1. Help alleviate mental anguish. 2. Prevent problems from becoming overwhelming.
Psychological support makes positive use of the basic human instinct for self preservation.
3.KA
3.KB
The basic technique is a relatively brief (10 minute) personal interview. The purpose of the interview is to: Permit problems to be expressed. Provide reassurance. Identify potentially dangerous persons. Identify useful skills that can put to use after person is sufficiently recovered.
Engage their minds and channel worry into purposeful work.
3.L
Service Activities
Caring for children.
3.LA
Religious Activities
Should be held only at the request of the shelterees.
Services may be denominational or nondenominational or individual prayer and meditation as determined by shelterees.
Space and time should be made available for these important activities.
3.LB
Recreational Activities
These are limited only by space, Effective Temperature, food and water constraints. Examples are: Physical fitness activities, aerobics, exercises, calisthenics, isometric exercises, etc.
2. Shelter Supplies: Restock or Resupply Water & food Sanitation & hygiene supplies Medicine, etc. 3. Recovery Damage surveys/repairs Radiation surveys around the shelter. Calculate projected safe exit time for general exit. Restoration of essential community services.
3M
Activities will turn from shelter living to reconstruction & return to "normal" living.
This phase will last until people can live at home or in some other permanent housing. Expand living space to allow comfort & privacy. The Shelter Staff will be reorganized: Some Task Teams no longer needed; others expanded. Shelter Manager fills vacancies as turnover occurs. Shelter records must be accurately kept.
What Next?
Put Shelter Guide where you & management know where it is (e.g., with building Fire, Severe Weather or Safety Plans). Add phone numbers.
Size up your building. Find the shelter areas. What is in them? Where, how, would you move the contents?
Sketch shelter areas and non-shelter areas on a floor plan. What non-shelter areas would be most useful? Where would the toilets go? Decide what parts of your shelter you'd allocate for the community groups and which parts for the staff. Plan how to ventilate areas with poor air flow.
Plan how the building should be upgraded. Mark areas where there is no shelter and where upgrading is not required. Calculate materials needed.
Recruit other interested persons to serve in management and task teams. Explain the job to them. Call EMA (427-5130) for answers to their questions.