What is an Operating System?

Types.

Objectives.

It is an Advanced Operating System. Multiprocessing.

Berkely Software Distribution(B.S.D) O.S ,Unix Based.

BSD Server.

 Invented Coding

From BSD O.S

Mac

O.S was Developed with the Help of Companies Like Sun, Intel,Dell,IBM Etc. Of MAC

Versions

1.Diverse architectures 2.Abstract data 3.Interprocess communication 4.Speed of inter computer networks 5.Distribution of operation 6.Heterogenous system 7.Influenced by UNIX

To achieve the design goals of MAC, the developers reduced the operating system functionality to a small set of basic abstractions all of which all other functionality can be derived. MAC approach is to place as possible within the kernal but to make what is there powerful enough that all other features can be implemented as user-level servers. MAC is extensible. MAC has primitive abstractions are the heart of system and are as follows: TASK THREAD PORT MESSAGE

 Open Document and Word 2007 Formats:-(gives different formats & fonts) Guest Log-In Accounts:-(allow any one to surf web) Scroll Non-Active Windows:-(Scroll any open window) Printer Drivers via Software Update:-(always have the latest printer devices) PDF Manipulation in Preview:-(recreate PDF document) Archive Mailbox:-(for Backup of msgs) Event Drop box:-(create invitation mail) Wikipedia in Dictionary:-(searching for anything) Synchronize with Yahoo!(direct mail access) AQUA:-(GUI) Power Management:-(replace battery without shutting down) iLife(iphoto,iDVD.iMovie,iTunes,GarageBand)

A process is program in execution. An instance of program running on a computer. It must have system resources, such as memory, CPU and other hardware connected. In a multiprocessor, multiple process may really execute concurrently. >>Process Management Process Management is application of knowledge, skills,tools,techniques & system to define visualize,measure,control,report & improve processes with the goal to meet customer requirement profitable.

PROCESS STATUS Running

Runnable in memory

Sleeping in memory

Runnable Swapped

Sleeping swapped

1) 2)

Mac OS X uses multiple-threads per process. PROCESS TASK A task is a collection of system resources & can contain many threads. OS x makes use of priority based scheduling , preemption and Processor Resource Allocation based on timesharing ,round robin & FIFO fixed priority policies. High priority real time threads fixed priority Time sharing threads priority raised & lowered *Tasks are expensive entities *Threads is in expensive. Even in parallel processing, it has advantage that each thread can use a synchronous programming style ,instead of attempting synchronous programming with a single thread attempting to provide multiple services.

Mutual exclusion and Synchronization are obtained through the use of ports. Most system resources are accessed through the level of indirection known as port.

Message Queues Messages from processor in this OS are stored in port queue. Tasks communicate by passing data structures(containing data elements) and performing message send operations on ports for which they hold sending/receiving rights. Task with receiving right performs receive operation. Here, multiple threads may attempt to receive messages from a given port. But only one thread will receive any given message. Scheduling In MAC OS X, preemptive multi-tasking with dynamic priority adjustment to provide smooth and fair sharing of processor between apps and users is ensured(even if the load is high). OS X is based on Unix operating system. Instead, a customized version to fit the needs of a MAC is Incorporated, called Darwin. Darwin-> assigns priorities to incoming processes. Here higher priority processes are handled first, Then the less critical processes are followed by them. Mach is an Operating System kernel. It is one of the earliest examples of a Microkernel. Its derivatives are the basis of the modern operating system kernels in Mac OS X.

Virtual Memory Management in Mac OS X The task of sub-division of processes is carried out dynamically by the OS and is called Memory Management. Memory, or RAM, is handled differently in Mac OS X than it was in earlier versions of the Mac OS. In earlier versions of the Mac OS, each program was assigned an amount of RAM the program could use. Users could turn on Virtual Memory, which uses part of the system's hard drive as extra RAM, if the system needed it. In contrast, Mac OS X uses a completely different memory management system. All programs can use an almost unlimited amount of memory, which is allocated to the application on an asneeded basis. Mac OS X will generously load as much of a program into RAM as they can. Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) requires at least 512 MB of RAM. Most users will find that a minimum of 1 GB of RAM is desirable.

Disk fragmentation is an old problem that has affected every operating system throughout history. File fragmentation occurs when a single file isnt located in the same physical location on the disk, but is scattered around.

When space is fragmented, caching files for the system and for applications also get spread around all over the memory space. OS X utilizes file caching heavily. The problem is that when the file cache is spread all over the hard disk, it takes a longer time to access (and also to write) these files. Writing and access caches from the same physical area gives a very noticeable speed increase. Thus rebuilding caches after de-fragmenting can be advantageous.

 Stuff

of User from BSD OS

Inherited Power

And Flexibility

Clusters Filenames Metadata Hierarchical File System Facilities Secure Access

Flash File System:-For storing files on flash memory devices Database File System:-This is new concept to file management system Transactional File System:-this introduces the guarantee that any point while it is running, the transaction can either be finished completely or reverted fully. Disk File System:-Storing Files on disk Storage devices Tape File System:-Storing Files on tape

Network File System:-Acts as Client and Server

Shared File System:-all machines are connected to one subsystem

Special Purpose File System:-Generally any file system

File protection controls the kind of access users are permitted to make a file. Popular File sharing models are: a) Sequential sharing b) Concurrent sharing *Immutable files *Single Image Mutable files *Multiple Image Mutable files

DEFINITION: Two or more computing actions are waiting for the other to finish and neither over does. CONDITIONS OF DEADLOCK: MUTUAL EXCLUSION HOLD AND WAIT NO PREEMPTION CIRCULAR WAIT THREE APRROACHES: DEADLOCK PREVENTION DEADLOCK AVOIDANCE DEADLOCK DETECTION

Security in MAC OS X

It is a Secure Operating System. Since it is multi-user Operating System, it has limits on what the different user accounts can do. The users of MAC OS X can setup their account as a basic. For that account, the user can only retrieve and manage data which belongs to his account. Hence, he cannot hunt the whole system or the other users.

Its built in defenses help you keep safe from spywares and malwares without any popping alerts and security worries.
So, it is a secure OS. However, an irresponsible behavior (eg.: Transferring malicious data from external sources) to the system may cause some problems on your system.

Following are some of the Security-related features important to the users: Always on the alert. Innocent-looking files downloaded over the Internet may contain dangerous malware in disguise. If the files are found as Application programs, the Mac OS X alerts you, then warns you the first time you open one.

Surf safely. Mac OS X makes it easy to stay safe online, whether youre checking your bank account, sending confidential email, or sharing files with friends and coworkers. Features such as Password Assistant help you lock out identity thieves who are after personal data.

Stay up to date. Automatically. When a potential security threat arises, Apple responds quickly by providing software updates and security enhancements that can be downloaded automatically and installed with a click. Easy to customize. With Mac OS X, its easy to customize and use security features. FileVault lets you encrypt all the files in your home folder and by choosing a password, it can be secured from unauthorized access. The firewall is customizable , so the user can block online intruders and easily can make changes to it.

Dont go phishing. Phishing is a form of fraud in which online thieves try to acquire sensitive information such as user names, passwords, and credit card details by creating fake websites that look like legitimate companies. The anti-phishing technology in Safari(Browser) protects you from such scams by detecting these fraudulent websites. If you visit a suspicious site, Safari disables the page and displays an alert warning you about its suspect nature. Security without the hassle. Just turn your Macbook on and start working. It will let you know, if any attack has occurred to the system. And if you want to change the security configuration, just open System Preferences and make any adjustments.

Network is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices.

Mac OS And Windows7 Plays Together. Faster Web Access. File Sharing. Resource Sharing. Network Locations. Wired & Wireless Networks. Apple Talk.

If u want to Choose a computing platform today to run my DIGITAL LIFE,it would be MAC Os x. MAC OS x has ISSUES . It has many it carries a lot of OLD technology and baggage, several things are ugly bellow apples pretty interface,it costs money , it needs apple hardware and it even has kernal penies on its own once in a while.Still MAC is currently the most worthy client platform. Secure powerful compatible , right out of box.