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4/21/12

COPING WITH STRESS: the concept, theories and STRATEGIES

Presented by, Sarin Dominic Msc. Applied Psychology Bharathiar University

Recap.

Concept of Stress Eustress and Distress Causes and effects of stress Psychological, Behavioral. Neuroendocrinal and Immune Responses to stress Relation between Gender and stress Measurements of stress Theories of stress

Major ideas of discussion

Stress the concept


Present century is called the age of anxiety and stress Stress is seen differently by different people. Everyone understands it in comparison with the troubles and responsibilities they face in daily life. The conception first appeared in physical sciences The concept of stress was first introduced in the life sciences by Hans Selye in 1936.

Defining stress

Physical sciences Stress is an external force or pressure exerted on something with the intention to distort and being resisted by the person or object on which it is exerted. Psycho-physiology Some stimulus resulting in a detectable strain that cannot be accommodated by the organism and that which ultimately result in impaired health and behaviour. Health psychology- the condition in which person environment transactions lead to a perceived discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of a situation and the resources of the individuals biological, psychological, or social systems (Lazarus et al. 1986)

The concept of coping

Definition - Way of dealing with stress, or the effort to master conditions of' harm, threat, or challenge when a routine or automatic response is not readily available. Constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.(Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) As a result of coping the person change

Approaches and Stages

Stages of coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) Primary appraisal : assessing the threat Secondary appraisal: assessing the resource Response Approaches to the study of coping General coping traits and styles Active on going strategies

Theories of coping

RepressionSensitization Theory Monitoring and blunting The model of coping modes

RepressionSensitization Theory

Proposed by Byrne and Eriksen in 1966. When confronted with a stressful encounter, persons locate themselves to one pole of this dimension

Monitoring and Blunting Theory


Prposed by Miller in 1987 Individuals who encounter a stressful situation react in two ways depending on control

Coping Resources

Constraints against using coping resources


Guilt Unexpressed anger Hostility Fear Lack of confidence Perceived social prohibitions Unwillingness to seek or accept assistance Social norms emphasizing self sufficiency Lack of resources : financial, human Absence of healthcare or counseling services

Strategies of coping

Moos and Billings (1982) have organised the dimensions of appraisal and coping included in measurement procedures into three domains Appraisal focused coping Emotion focused Problem solving focused coping

Emotion-focused coping

Includes emotional responses Functions Manage the emotions aroused by stressors Maintain effective equilibrium The common strategies adopted are: Social support Defence mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms

Problem focused Coping


Includes cognitive efforts Seeks to alleviate stressful situations by weighing pros and cons The common strategies adopted are: Cognitive appraisal Time Management Assertiveness Relaxation and Medication Exercise

Maladaptive coping strategies


Alcohol abuse Smoking Drug abuse Overeating Escapism Physical and verbal abuse Blaming Overworking Denial Magnification Martyrdom

Conclusion

Stress is a phenomenon that challenges human bio psychosocial equilibrium. The effort of individuals to minimize or restructure stressful situations is termed as coping. Both innate energy and external supports are utilized through various strategies which are either emotion-focused or problem focused in nature. By enhancing coping skills through training one can effectively deal with stressful situations.

Reference

Lazarus, R.S. (1966). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Lazarus, R.S. (1974). The Psychology of Coping: Issues of Research and Assessment. In G.V. Coelho, D.A. Humburg and J.E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and Adaptation. New York: Basis Books. Pestonjee, D.M. (1992). Stress and Coping: The Indian Experience, New Delhi: Sage Publications. Gordon, E. and Eric, G.(2010). Health And Wellness (10th Edition). Boston. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Margaret, K. Snooks (2009). Health Psychology: Biological, Psychological,and Sociocultural Perspectives. Boston. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Schafer Walt(2000). Stress Management(Fourth edition)Wadsworth publications, New Delhi

THANK

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