Hydro Power

When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydro power.

There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water as it moves from a higher to a lower elevation. Turbines and generators convert the energy into electricity, which is then fed into the electrical grid to be used in homes, businesses, and by industry.

Typical hydroelectric dam

Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator. Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

Continent distribution
THEORETICAL- The maximum potential that exists. TECHNICAL- It takes into account the cost involved in exploiting a source (including the environmental and engineering restrictions) ECONOMIC- Calculated after detailed environmental, geological, and other economic constraints.
REGION THEORETI CAL POTENTIA L (TWh) 10118 6150 5670 20486 TECHNICA L POTENTIA L (TWh) 3140 3120 3780 7530

AFRICA N. AMERICA LATIN AMERICA ASIA

OCEANIA
EUROPE

1500
4360

390
1430

WORLD

44280

19390

Hydro power capacity by country

COUNTRY POWER CAPACITY (GWh) INSTALLED (GW)
527000 341312 4000 66954

CAPACITY

TAJIKISTAN CANADA

USA BRAZIL CHINA

RUSSIA NORWAY

319484 285603 204300

160500 121824

79511 57517 65000

44000 27528

JAPAN INDIA
FRANCE

84500 82237
77500

27229 22083
77500

World overwiev
Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year. The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year. The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year. The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694 GW. In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric power was about 8 to 9%. The total power generation in 2000 was 2675 Billion KWh or close to 20% of the total energy generation.

 Most of the undeveloped potential lies in the erstwhile USSR and the developing countries. Worldwide about 125 GW of power is under construction. The largest project under construction is the Three Gorges at the Yangtze river in China. Proposed potential is 18.2 GW and the proposed power output is 85 TWh per year. (*Temelin 2 GW)

Types of hydropower plants

Impoundment Diversion or Run-of-river plants Pumped Storage Microhydropower

Impoundment facility
stop the flow of a river and form an artificial lake (ex: dams)

Three Gorges at the Yangtze river in China

Run-of River Projects utilize the flow of the river within the natural range of the river

Diversion hydropower divert the entire stream (ex: Niagara Falls)

Pumped storage used when we dont need power/electricity we use the stored power to pump the water to a higher level, so it can be used at a peak time

Microhydropower produce 100 kilowatts (kW) or less

 Many creeks and rivers are permanent, i.e., they never dry up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power production Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most common) Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various axial flow turbines

Waterwheel

Types of Hydro Turbines: Impulse turbines Pelton Wheel Cross Flow Turbines Reaction turbines Propeller Turbines : Bulb turbine, Straflo, Tube Turbine, Kaplan Turbine Francis Turbines Kinetic Turbines

Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. No suction downside, water flows out through turbine housing after hitting. High head, low flow applications. Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow

Pelton Impulse turbines

With 1 injector

With 6 injectors (multi jets)

 Suited for high head, low flow sites. The largest units can be up to 200 MW. Can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and as high as 1,800 meters.

Cross Flow Turbines

drum-shaped elongated, rectangular-section nozzle directed against curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner squirrel cage blower water flows through the blades twice

Cross-flow Impulse turbines

Cross-flow runner

Propeller Hydropower Turbine

Runner with three to six blades. Water contacts all of the blades constantly. Through the pipe, the pressure is constant Pitch of the blades - fixed or adjustable Scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube Types: Bulb turbine, Straflo, Tube turbine, Kaplan

BULB TURBINE

Kaplan Turbine
The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially, through the wicket gate, and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy.

Francis Turbines
The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the runner. This radial flow acts on the runner vanes, causing the runner to spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions.

 Best suited for sites with high flows and low to medium head. Efficiency of 90%. expensive to design, manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

Kinetic Energy Turbines

Also called free-flow turbines. Kinetic energy of flowing water used rather than potential from the head. Operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Do not require the diversion of water. Kinetic systems do not require large civil works. Can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels.

Thank you for your attention