Saying exactly what someone has said.

The words are given between quotation marks (" ")

We do not use the exact words of the speaker. Instead we report what was said. Changes in these following aspects:
Verbs. Pronouns. Words suggesting nearness or remoteness.

Direct Speech
Present Simple John said, I work at Toyota. Present Continuous Lee said, I am studying English. Present Perfect Simple Ammar said, I have been in the United States for 10 years.

Indirect Speech
Past Simple John said he worked at Toyota. Past Continuous Lee said she was studying English. Past Perfect Simple Ammar said that he had been in the United States for 10 years.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Ahmed said, Ive been living in the Ahmed said he had been living in the US US since the summer. since the summer.

Direct Speech
Past Simple Catherine said, I came from France.

Indirect Speech
Past Perfect Simple Catherine said she had come from France.

Past Continuous Adel said, I was living in Saudi before.

Past Perfect Simple Aigul said, I had already been married. Past Perfect Continuous Li said, Id been studying for years.

Past Perfect Continuous Adel said he had been living in Saudi before.
Past Perfect Simple Aigul said she had already been married.

Past Perfect Continuous Li said that she had been studying for years.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Will Would Al said, This week I will visit you. Al said that week he would visit her. Can Could He said, I can help you. He said he could help her. Must Had to John said, I must pass Writing John said he had to pass Writing class. class! *Shall (Not common) Should He said, You shall not drive here. He said she should not drive there. May Might The student asked, May I get a The student asked if he might get a drink drink of water? of water.

Pronoun
Personal pronouns

Function
Subject

Direct
I We You Me Us You My Our Your Mine Ours Yours

Reported
He, she They They Him, her Them Them His, her Their Their His, hers Theirs Theirs

Object

Possessive pronouns

Attributive

Nominal

this these here tomorrow next month today

that those there the following day the following month that day

tonight
this afternoon yesterday last year now

that night
that afternoon the day before the year before then

14-9 LETS PRACTICE

DIRECT SPEECH:

Nazan said, I wish this class were longer.

REPORTED SPEECH:
Nazan said ____ he _______ this class were that wished longer.

14-10 VERB FORMS IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT:

Mary said, I enjoy yoga.

REPORTED:

Mary said that she enjoyed yoga.

DIRECT :

David said, I love tennis.

REPORTED:

David said that he loved tennis.

14-10 LETS PRACTICE

DIRECT SPEECH: We
REPORTED SPEECH:

love being together.

They said _____________________ they loved being together.

14-10 LETS PRACTICE

DIRECT SPEECH: I

enjoy studying with you.

REPORTED SPEECH:

He said _________________________ he enjoyed studying with her.

 The girl asked me

The girl asked me: Where Do you come from?

where I came from.

My father asked my

My father asked my brother: Why did you arrive at home late last night?
Handy asked the girl: what is your favorite movie star?

brother why he had arrived at home late the night before

Handy asked the girl

what her favorite movie star was

 Ricky asked Henry: Does your father work near here?

Ricky asked Henry if/whether his father worked near there.

Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: have you collected your homework?

Dessy asked William: can you accompany me to Lippo tonight?

Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework. Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

Shut the door.

Keep silence, please.

HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME

TO NOT TO

INFIVITIVE

Advice Forbid
Tell

Ask Implore
Urge

Beg Invite
Warn

Command Order

Encourage Recommend

Entreat Request

 Santy asked Edy: Dont leave me alone anymore!

Santy asked Edy not to leave her alone anymore. Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore. Subhan told them not to disturb him.

Valenxia asked Indra: Dont hurt me anymore!

Subhan told them: Dont disturb me!

 The teacher asked me: Open your book. Siska asked Manu: give me a piece of paper!

The teacher asked me to open my book. Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper. Ronny told him to call him that night.

Ronny told him: call me tonight!

Agree, refuse, offer, promise, threaten + infinitive can sometimes be used instead of say (that)...
Paul : Ill help you if you like. Paul offered to help her/me or Paul said that hed help her/me.

 Accuse + object + of Admit, deny, apologize for

Insist on + gerund

can sometimes be used instead of say that

You took the money! might be reported by

He accused me of taking the money.

 Lets usually expresses a suggestion. He said, Lets stop now and finish it later He suggested stopping then and finishing it later. He suggested that they/we should stop then and finish it later. Similarly in the negative.

 Lets not used alone in answer to an affirmative suggestion is often reported by some phrase such as opposed the idea/was against it/objected.

Lets sell the house, said Tom. Lets not, said Ann. Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was against it.

 Here the speaker could be ordering, advising, urging or begging Let there be no reprisals. said the widow of the murdered man. The widow urged/begged that there should be no reprisals.

 Let is also an ordinary verb meaning allow/permit

Let him come with us, mother; Ill take care of him, I said. I asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him.

 Can be reported: 1. by exclaim/say that 2. by give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise... 3. by with an exclamation of delight/disgust... + he/she + verb.

He said. What a dreadful idea! He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea

Good! he exclaimed. He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction

Thank you! Curse this fog! Good luck! Congratulation! Liar! Damn!

He thanked me. He cursed the fog. He wished me luck. He congratulated me. He called me a liar. He swore.

Introductory verbs in present tenses. Direct: He says The dress is expensive. Reported: He says the dress is expensive.

Describe facts or obvious events. Direct: The Earth moves around the sun. Reported: They said that the Earth moves around the sun.

Describe habitual or repeated activities. Direct: I walk to school every day. Reported: She said she walks to school every day.

Direct speech uses one of these following verbs

WOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO USED TO NEEDNT

COULD MIGHT
HAD BETTER must

Conditional sentences type 2 and type 3 Direct: He said, If I had enough money, I would buy a car. Reported: He said if he had enough money, he would buy a car. Direct: He said, If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently. Reported: He said if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently.

Verbs in past tenses after expressions wish, would rather, would sooner, it is time. Direct: Reported: He said, I wish you were here. He said he wished she were here.

Which is correcct ? A, B or C?

How much do you think it will cost ? He said. A: He asked how much I think it would cost.
B: He asked how much I thought it would cost. C: He asked how much I thought it will cost.

Which is correcct ? A, B or C?

Im leaving tomorrow.she said by the 4.30 from Victoria.

She said she was leaving tomorrow by the 4.30 from Victoria. She said I was leaving today by 4.30 from Victoria.

She said she was leaving the following day by the 4.30 from Victoria.

A.- The clerk said it would / will take a little time to look up her file. B.- She reminded me to insure / insuring my luggage. C.- She told him not to put / to put not sticky things in his pocket.

Can be changed into: 1. WOULD HAVE TO is used when the obligation depends on some future action, or when

the fulfilment of the obligation appears remote or uncertain.

2. HAD TO is the usual form for obligations where times for fulfilment have been fixed, or plans made.

 can be changed into didnt have to/wouldnt have to.

Ex: He said, I neednt be in the office till ten tomorrow

morning.
He said that he neednt/didnt have to be in the office till ten the next morning.