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Conceitos Fundamentais
JCMetrôlho, Out. 07
Biomedical engineers work in a variety of fields
•Bioinstrumentation
•Biomaterials
•Biomechanics
•Biosignals
•Biosystems
•Biotransport
•Cellular engineering
•Clinical engineering
•Tissue engineering
•Rehabilitation engineering
Instrumentação Biomédica 2
Biomedical engineers work in a variety of disciplines
•Agriculture Soil monitoring
•Botany Measurements of metabolism
•Genetics Human genome project
•Medicine Anesthesiology
•Microbiology Tissue analysis
•Pharmacology Chemical reaction monitoring
•Veterinary science Neutering of animals
•Zoology Organ modeling
Instrumentação Biomédica 3
Biomedical engineers may work in a variety of
environments
Industry
•Industry
Government
•Government
Clinical Institutions
•Clinical Institutions
AcademicResearch
•AcademicResearch
Instrumentação Biomédica 4
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is tested by
experiment to determine its validity
P r o b le m R e v ie w S ta te P e rfo rm
s ta te m e n t p r io r w o r k h y p o th e s is e x p e r im e n t s
D e s ig n f u r th e r A n a ly z e F in a l
e x p e r im e n t s d a ta c o n c lu s io n s
M o re
P r o b le m
e x p e r im e n t s
s o lv e d
n e c e s s a ry
Instrumentação Biomédica 5
The physician obtains the history, examines the patient, performs
tests to determine the diagnosis and prescribes treatment.
L is t t h e T re a tm e n t
C h ie f O b t a in E x a m in a t io n
d if f e r e n t ia l and
c o m p la in t h is to r y a n d te s ts
d ia g n o s is e v a lu a t io n
U s e d a ta
S e le c t f u r th e r F in a l
to n a rro w th e
te s ts d ia g n o s is
d ia g n o s is
M o re th a n O n ly o n e
o n e lik e ly lik e ly
Instrumentação Biomédica 6
A typical measurement system uses sensors to measure the variable,
has signal processing and display, and may provide feedback.
O u tp u ts
S ig n a l S ig n a l D a ta
Sensor
M e a s u ra n d c o n d it io n in g p r o c e s s in g d is p la y s
Feedback
D a ta D a ta
E ffe c to r
s to ra g e c o m m u n ic a t io n
Instrumentação Biomédica 7
Without the clinician, the patient may be operating in an ineffective
closed loop system. (b) The clinician provides knowledge to provide
an effective closed loop system.
Patient
Instrument
Patient Clinician
Instrument
(a) (b)
Instrumentação Biomédica 8
In some situations, a patient may monitor vital signs and notify a
clinician if abnormalities occur.
A b n o rm a l
C lin ic ia n r e a d in g s P a t ie n t In s tru m e n t
Instrumentação Biomédica 9
Common medical measurands
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method
Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
Specification Value
Pressure range –30 to +300 mmHg
Overpressure without damage –400 to +4000 mmHg
Maximum unbalance ±75 mmHg
Linearity and hysteresis ± 2% of reading or ± 1 mmHg
Risk current at 120 V 10 µA
Defibrillator withstand 360 J into 50 Ω
Instrumentação Biomédica 11
Control
And
feedback
Power
Sensor source
Perceptible
Primary Variable output
Signal Output
Measurand Sensing Conversion processing display
element element
Radiation,
electric current,
or other applied
energy
Figure 1.1 Generalized instrumentation system The sensor converts energy or
information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is the
processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and
connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.
© From J. G. Webster (ed.), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Instrumentação Biomédica 12
Mensuranda: quantidade física, propriedade ou
condição que se pretende medir
biopotencial
temperatura
impedância
pressão, fluxo
concentração química
força, aceleração, velocidade, deslocamento
dimensões (imagiologia)
Instrumentação Biomédica 13
Sensores
Transdutor: dispositivo que converte uma forma
de energia noutra
Sensor: converte uma mensuranda (valor de
entrada) para grandeza eléctrica (valor de
saída)
responder apenas à forma de energia da mensuranda
interface com o tecido vivo, extraindo a menor
energia possível
minimamente invasivo
Instrumentação Biomédica 14
Condicionamento de sinal
Amplificar o sinal eléctrico relevante
Filtrar ruído ou outros sinais indesejáveis
Limitar amplitudes máximas
Adaptar impedâncias entre os diferentes
componentes
Converter entre diferentes grandezas
eléctricas
Instrumentação Biomédica 15
Visualização
Resultado do processo de medição em
formato adequado para fácil percepção
numérico
gráfico
contínuo ou intermitente
permanente ou temporário
visual, acústico, …
Instrumentação Biomédica 16
Componentes auxiliares
sinal de calibração o mais a montante possível
na cadeia de medição
controlo e realimentação para ajuste de sensor,
condicionamento e visualização
automático ou manual
armazenamento
temporário ou de arquivo
comunicação
local ou remota
Instrumentação Biomédica 17
Modos de funcionamento
directo ou indirecto
a grandeza que se pretende conhecer não está
acessível
escolhe-se mensuranda com relação conhecida
contínuo ou por amostragem
variações rápida (frequência cardiaca) ou lenta
(temperatura do corpo)
sensores
geradores: retiram energia da mensuranda
moduladores: mensuranda controla fluxo de energia
de fonte auxiliar
Instrumentação Biomédica 18
Modos de funcionamento
analógico ou digital
exactidão
repetibilidade
fiabilidade
imunidade ao ruído
processamento e visualização
tempo real ou diferido
necessidade de processar sinal pode atrasar a
disponibilidade dos resultados
Instrumentação Biomédica 19
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method
Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
Instrumentação Biomédica 21
Electrodes
vecg
50-Hz +Vcc
Z1
ac magnetic
Zbody
Z2 field
+
Differential
amplifier
vo
−
Displacement
currents Vcc
Instrumentação Biomédica 22
Características estáticas
Exactidão
Precisão
Resolução
Reprodutibilidade
Controlo estatístico
Sensibilidade estática
Instrumentação Biomédica 23
Characteristic with zero and sensitivity drift
y (Output) Total error due to drift
y (Output)
+ Sensitivity
∆ y' drift
∆ x'd
− Zero drift
∆y ∆y
Slope m =
∆xd − Sensitivity drift
Intercept b ∆xd + Zero
drift
y = mxd + b
xd (Input) xd (Input)
(a) (b)
Figure 1.3 (a) Static-sensitivity curve that relates desired input xd to output y. Static
sensitivity may be constant for only a limited range of inputs. (b) Static sensitivity:
zero drift and sensitivity drift. Dotted lines indicate that zero drift and sensitivity drift
can be negative. [Part (b) modified from Measurement Systems: Application and
Design, by E. O. Doebelin. Copyright 1990 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Used with permission
of McGraw-Hill Book Co.]
© From J. G. Webster (ed.), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Instrumentação Biomédica 24
x1 y1 (x1 + y2) (y1 + y2)
Linear Linear
system system
and and
x2 y2 Kx1 Ky1
Figure 1.4 (a) Basic definition of Linear
system
Linear
system
linearity for a system or element. (a)
The same linear system or element
is shown four times for different
Least-squares
inputs. (b) A graphical illustration straight line
of independent nonlinearity equals y (Output)
B% of full scale
±A% of the reading, or ±B% of full
scale, whichever is greater (that is, A% of reading
whichever permits the larger
error). [Part (b) modified from
Measurement Systems: Application
and Design, by E. O. Doebelin.
Copyright 1990 by McGraw-Hill, Overall tolerance band
Inc. Used with permission of
McGraw-Hill Book Co.] xd (Input)
Point at which
A% of reading = B% of full scale
(b)
Instrumentação Biomédica 25
Output y(t)
+ +
pass RC filter, an − −
−90°
τS τL t
Instrumentação Biomédica 26
Figure 1.7 (a) Force-
measuring spring scale,
an example of a second-
Output Input
order instrument. (b) displacement
0
Force x(t)
response, ζ = 2, ζ = 1, ζ =
Log scale ω
0.5. [Part (a) modified t ωn
Instrumentação Biomédica 27
Figure 1.8 Design process for
medical instruments Choice
and design of instruments are
affected by signal factors, and
also by environmental, medical,
and economic factors. (Revised
from Transducers for
Biomedical Measurements:
Application and Design, by R. S.
C. Cobbold. Copyright 1974,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Used
by permission of John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.)
Instrumentação Biomédica 28