SEMESTER 1 OVERVIEW

7CHAPTERS: 1 : Matter ( 7 hrs ) 2 : States of Matters ( 8 hrs ) 3 : Atomic Structure ( 10 hrs ) 4 : Periodic Table ( 6 hrs ) 5 : Chemical Bonding ( 16 hrs ) 6 : Chemical Equilibrium (6 hrs) 7 : Ionic Equilibria ( 14 hrs )

ASSESMENT
Components MID-SEM TEST CONTINUOUS ASSESMENT Paper 1 Code SK016 Format Structured and essay Practical Assignment/ Quiz Throughout the semester Time 1 hour Marks Percentage 10% 10% 10%

Paper 1
FINAL EXAMINATION Paper 2

SK016/1
SK016/2

Multiple Choice Questions

Structured (Part A) Essay (Part B)

1 hour

30
40 70%

2 hours 60 TOTAL 100%

2

CONSULTATION

Chapter 1 : MATTER
1.1 1.2 Atoms and Molecules Mole Concept

1.1 Atoms and Molecules

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, I should be able to: (a) Identify and describe proton, electron and neutron as subatomic particle.

(b) Define proton number, Z, nucleon number, A and isotope.

(c) Write isotope notation. (.
6

LEARNING OUTCOMES(continue)
(d) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and relative molecular mass, Mr based on the C-12 scale Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the relative abundance of isotopes or a mass spectrum

(e)

Introduction
Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Examples: air, water, animals, trees, atoms, .. Matter may consists of atoms, molecules or ions.

Three states of Matter

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS
9

Classification of Matter

10

Substance
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. Example : water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen

Water (H2O) Oxygen (O2)

11

Mixture
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. 1. is the same throughout.

Homogenous mixture composition of the mixture

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture composition is not uniform throughout.

cement, iron filings in sand

12

1.4

Compound
A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical reactions. Glucose (C6H12O6)

Water (H2O)

Ammonia (NH3)
13

1.4

Element
An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. An element is composed of atoms of only one kind. 115 elements have been identified 83 elements occur naturally on Earth (gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon) 32 elements have been created by scientists (technetium, americium, seaborgium)
14

1.4

Atoms and Molecules

1.1.1 Atoms

An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element/compound. In an atom, there are three subatomic particles: - Proton (p) Packed in a small nucleus - Neutron (n) Electron (e) Move rapidly around the nucleus of an atom
15

Modern Atomic Model

Nucleus } proton + neutron An atom contains: Proton Neutron and Electron Shell

Electron
16

Do You Know?
The size of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than that of the whole atom, and therefore most of the atom consist of empty space and almost 99.99% of the mass of an atom is concentrated within the tiny nucleus.
17

Subatomic Particles
Particle Electron (e) Proton (p) Mass (gram) 9.1 x 10-28 1.67 x 10-24 Charge (Coulomb) -1.6 x 10-19 +1.6 x 10-19 0 Charge (units) -1 +1 0

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24

18

Nucleon Number, A
The total sum of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of the atom. (also known as mass number) Nucleon Number, A = protons (Z) + neutrons (n)

Proton Number, Z
The total sum of protons found in the nucleus of the atom. (also known as atomic number)

19

Isotopes
Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their nucleus but different number of neutrons. Have the same chemical properties but different physical properties. Examples:
1 1

2 1

H (D)

3 1

H (T)

235 92

238 92

U
20

Isotopes Notation
An atom can be represented by an isotope notation ( atomic symbol ) Nucleon Number Element Symbol

= Proton number (Z) +

Number of neutrons Proton Number
21

Example
Nucleon number of mercury, A = 202

Total charge on the ion

The number Of neutrons =AZ = 202 80 = 122

proton number of mercury, Z = 80

22

Molecules
A molecule consists of a small number of atoms joined together by bonds.

23

Example
A diatomic molecule
Contains only two atoms Example : H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

A polyatomic molecule

Contains more than two atoms Example : O3, H2O, NH3, CH4

24

Ions
Two types of ions :
Cation a positive charge ion formed when a neutral atom loses an electron(s).

a) cation b) anion
Anion a negative charge ion formed when a neutral atom gains an electron(s).

Na
11 protons 11 electrons

Na+
11 protons 10 electrons

Cl
17 protons 17 electrons

Cl17 protons 18 electrons

25

Example
A monoatomic ions
Contains only one nucleus Example : Fe3+ : Iron (III) ion or ferric ion S2- : Sulfide ion

A polyatomic ions

Contains more than one nucleus Example : H30+ : Hydronium ion or hydroxonium ion CN- : Cyanide ion
26

Relatives Mass
i. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000
Relative Atomic Mass, Ar= mass of one atom of element (a.m.u) 1/12 X mass of one atom of
Ar has no unit The mass of one atom of carbon-12 = 12 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
27
12C

(a.m.u)

Example
Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon12 atom is 0.45 Solution : Ar of Y = mass of one atom of element (a.m.u) 1/12 X mass of one atom of = 12 x mass of Y
12C

(a.m.u )

mass of
= 12 x 0.45 = 5.4

12C

28

Relatives Mass
ii Relative Molecular Mass, Mr A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000
Relative Molecular Mass, Mr = mass of one molecule of a compound 1/12 X mass of one atom of Mr has no unit
12C

The relative molecular mass of a compound is the. summation of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecular formula.
29

Example
Calculate Ar C Ar H Ar N Mr the relative molecular mass of C5H5N, = 12.01 = 1.01 = 14.01 = = 5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N 5(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01

ANSWER:

=
=

60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01

79.11
30

Mass Spectrometer
A mass spectrometer is used to determine: i. Relative atomic mass of an element ii. Relative molecular mass of a compound iii. Types of isotopes, the abundance and its relative isotopic mass iv. Recognize the structure of the compound in an unknown sample

31

A Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation Chamber Accelaration Chamber Magnetic field

Vaporisation Chamber

+
+ +

Ion Beam Heated Filament Vacuum Pump Ion Detector

AMPLIFIER
32

Recorder

Mass Spectrum
The numbers of ions and types of isotopes are recorded as a mass spectrum. Example : A mass spectrum of Mg
Relative abundance

63

8.1 9.1 24 25 26
m/e (amu)
33

Example
Mass Spectrum of Magnesium
Relative abundance The mass spectrum of Mg shows that Mg consists of three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.

63 8.1 9.1 24 25 26
m/e (amu)

The height of each line is propartional to the abundance of each isotope.

24Mg

is the most abundant of the three isotopes

34

How to calculate the relative atomic mass from mass spectrum?

Average atomic mass Q= M=

Q i Mi Ar Q i

the relative abundance / percentage abundance of an isotope of the element the relative isotopic mass of the element

35

Example 1
1. Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of the element rubidium, Rb; a. What isotopes are present in Rb?
85Rb

Relative abundance

and

87Rb

18

b. What is the percentage abundance of each isotope?

7
85 87 m/e
(amu)

% abundance =
=

85Rb

18 x 100 25 72 % 7 x 100 25 28 %

% abundance =
=

87Rb

36

Example 1
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.
QiMi Average mass of Rb Qi (18x85) (7 x87) 25 85.56 amu A r of Rb 85.56 amu 1 x12.00 amu 12 85.56

37

Example 2
The relative atomic mass of 6Li and 7 Li are 6.01 and 7.02 . 3 3 What is the percentage abundance of each isotope if the relative atomic mass of Li is 6.94?

38

Example 2
Assume that, % abundance of 6Li % abundance of 7Li = = X % (100 - x) %

Ar Li
6.94 6.94 694 - 702 +8 X

=
= = = = =

QiMi Qi X (6.01) + (100 X) 7.02 X + 100 X 6.01 X + 702 7.02 X 100 -1.01 X +1.01 X 7.92 %
= = = 7.92 % (100 7.92) % 92.08 % 39

So, % abundance of 6Li And % abundance of 7Li