Gyroscopic Principles

Rigidity in space Gyroscope will remain in a fixed position Precession When a force applied to gyro, it will respond as if force were applied 90* in direction of rotation

Property of gyro (page 84)

A) tendency of spinning gyro to remain fixed in space (the gyro rotor will try to maintain its position in space even when mounting base is tilted and rotate( B) right angle obstinacy (the effect of outside force to tilt or rotate the gyro will move at right angle to the direction of force in the direction of rotation

Behavior of vertical gyro (page 86)

The gyro continuously being corrected to vertical position of airplane this will make possible for pilot to know the actual attitude of his air plane Attitude a) nose up nose down (pitch) b) wing level (roll) The output from gyro is used in a) Autopilot b) flight recorder c) radar antenna stabilization d) flight director

Gimbal Rings

 Gyro inside the indicator (page 87)

it used inside the indicators mounted directly on the instrument panel

figure 5-4 gyro mounted with spin axis vertically and have free movement in all axis horizon indicator coupled to the inner gimbals to show the attitude of air plane figure 5-5 gyro mounted to the spin axis horizontally compass indicator card attached to vertical gimbals disadvantage of this type need manual heading correction use magnetic compass at level flight as reference) in commercial air craft we use large expensive gyro not too far from the center of gravity and control remote indicators in flight instrument panel

11

12

Gyro horizon indicator no. 1 and no. 2 (page 88-89)

Inner portion of this indicator is moveable sphere Heavy black line = horizon (separate the light color upper

half from dark lower half W with dot at center and horizon bar extending from the sides represent the air plane this symbol is fixed position in front of sphere figure 5-9 and figure 5-10 show the position of indicator with respect to air plane body other figure show the position of indicator with respect to pilot nose up nose down can read angle on the sphere with the center of W bank left and right can read from the top of indicator with respect to position lower triangle

Remote gyro horizon (page 90)

Integrated instrument show in addition to attitude (roll pitch) Slip indicator (ball insert in curve tube filled with damping fluid) to show the air plane if slipping or sliding to one side or other Rate of turn indicator above slip indicator if the needle is directly out side one dot the air plane is turning at rate of 180 degree per minute in the direction indicated Glide slope deviation indicator on the right side Speed error indicator on the left show the air plan travel faster or slower the preselected speed Decision light s (on the upper right corner) show the preselected radio altitude above the run way has been reached or decent Flight director light (on left hand upper corner) show flight director turned on Push to test button (at lower left)

15

Artificial Horizon with: ILSAOADH-

16

Red flag shows air or electric power is off line, thus instrument is not reliable.

17

Artificial Horizon

18

Manual Caging

19

20

21

Remote vertical gyro (page 91)

Vertical gyro called because its spin axis is automatically maintain

1. 2.

vertically by gravity sensing roll and pitch erection systems Erection system :a system maintain spin axis vertically We have two erection system Roll axis erection system pitch axis erection system Torquer: frustrated motor used to erect the spin axis Roll Erection torquing is cut off when the bank angle exceeds about 6 degree We use isolated transformer in the output to lessen possible bad effect on the three legged signal Commercial A/C never bank or pitch beyond 90
0

Remote horizon system (page 92/93)

Remote gyro horizon system comprised off (vertical gyro, instrument

modules(servo amplifier), horizon ind.) Instrument module part of black box Push to test (switch on the front face of indicator.) when push the indicator. will show right wing down and nose up and the gyro warning flag appear In parked airplane this test would indicate whether the trouble is probably in vertical gyro or servo amplifier or in horizon indicator

Remote directional gyro (page 94)

The spin axis of Directional gyro is maintained in horizontal position Directional gyro is used in a remote reading compass

Rate gyro inside turn ind. (page 95)

Gyro inside panel mounted rate of turn ind. Used in autopilot The difference between rate gyro (free in one axis) and normal

gyro(free in all axis) is having freedom of movement in one axis The gimbals is capable of moving around x-axis but its motion limited by the spring

Basic rate gyro basic (page 97)

Instead of using aspiring to restrict the motion in one axis there is a torsion bar

Turn and slip indicator (page 96) figure 24 (no turn)

at top the rate of turn indicator needle is down ,the ball slip indicator has fallen off to the left side ,due to the force of gravity
at middle (side slipping) right wing down the ball has fallen off to the right side

at the bottom wing level and ball centered

figure 23 (left turn at rate 180 degree per minute)

* at top two much bank angle (ball) and the airplane is slipping off toward the left(180 degree rate of turn )turn indicator needle *at middle correct bank *at bottom left turn too little bank A/C skidding off right(skidding turn) figure 25(right turn at rate 180 degree per minute) *at top two much bank angle (ball) and the airplane is slipping off toward the left turn indicator needle *at middle correct bank *at bottom left turn too little bank A/C skidding off left(skidding turn)

Inclinometer slip indicator

26

Co-ordinated Turn

27

28

29

Gimbals vs. strap down

(page 99)

Gimbals system isolate the acceleration sensing devices from rotational

motion of the air plane and maintain plate form parallel to the earth rotation Gyro scopic which cause the gyro gimbals to rotate about the gyro output axis and generate output signal from the gyro pick off which represent the angular displacement of the Gimbals Strap down system gyro and accelerometers are mounted to the body of the vehicle the total # of sensor in each system is twelve (6 gyro , 6 accelerometer Advantage of strap down over Gimbals system is if any sensor in Gimbals system fail the entire system useless (navigation failure) but the strap down remains operational even after three gyro and three accelerometers have failed

MEMS Micro-electromechanical Sensor

RLG Ring Laser Gyro

RLG Ring Laser Gyro

34

35

DC-9

777

EADI