SENSORY ORGAN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Human have five senses The five senses are sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell The five senses are found in parts of the body called sensory organ We respond to stimulus in a few steps First, the stimulus is detected by the sensory organ. A message is the sent to the brain through the nerve The brain interprets the message and help you understand what is going around you. The brain decides what to do and sends another message through the nerve to some other body parts. Upon receiving the message your body responds to the stimulus

SENSES OF TOUCH
Our skin is the sensory organ that gives us the sense of touch. It contains receptors that detect touch, pressure, heat and cold and pain.

Touch and pressure receptors detect touch. Heat and cold receptors detects the temperature around the skin Pain receptors are different than other receptors because the amount of receptors in the skin is different depending on the part of body

SENSES OF SMELL
Our nose is the sensory organ for smell. It can detect at least 20 different smells Smells are carried by certain chemicals go through our nose. It will then dissolve in the layer of moisture that covers the smell receptors on the upper part of the nose. The dissolved chemicals stimulate the smell receptors. The simulated smell receptors then send messages to the brain.

SENSE OF TASTE
Our tongue is the sensory organ that gives us the sense of taste. Sensory cells that detect taste are called taste receptors. Taste receptors can detect sweet, sour, salty and bitter. When we drink or eat, dissolved substance in our mouth are detected by the taste receptors in our tongue. Messages are the sent to our brain through nerves

SENSE OF HEARING AND SOUND

Our ear is the sensory organ for the sense of hearing.

The hearing mechanism

1. The pinna collects sound waves and directs it down the ear canal. 2. The sound waves heads towards the eardrum. The sound waves hits the ear drum causing it to vibrate. 3. The vibration causes a chain of tiny ear bones to vibrate. 4. As the last ossicle is connected to the oval window, the vibrations of the ossicle also causes the oval window to vibrate.

5. As the oval window moves in and out it causes the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate as well. 6. The cochlea detects the vibrations and responds by sending the messages to the brain through the auditory nerves. 7. Messages sent through the auditory nerves reach the rain which then interprets the messages as sounds.
Parts Of Human Ear Pinna Ear Canal Eardrum Ossicles Function Collects sound waves and then directs the sound down the ear canal Directs the sound waves to the ear drum Sound waves in the ear strike against the eardrum and causes it to vibrate The vibrating eardrum causes the chain of ear bones to vibrate. The last vibrating ear bone vibrate against a membrane called the oval window. As the oval window vibrates, it makes the fluid In the cochlea vibrate. The cochlea detects the vibration and converts them into nerve impulse

Oval Window

Cochlea

Auditory nerves

Send messages to the brain which interpret the message as sounds

Defects Of Hearing. Our ear is a very delicate sensory organ. It can be easily damaged leading to defects in our hearing. Humans are said to have defects if they cannot hear certain sounds. Limitations Of Hearing. We cannot hear all the sounds around us. Different people have different limitations of hearing Stereophonic Hearing Hearing with two ears enables us to tell which direction the sound is coming from. Stereophonic hearing involves the use of two ears.

SENSE OF SIGHT AND LIGHT

Our eyes are the sensory organ for sight.

How do we see? 1. When the light from an object enters the eye, it first passes through he cornea where the light is slightly bent 2.The bent light then passes through a liquid behind the cornea and reaches the pupil. The pupil is the opening through which the light enters the eye. 3.Light then passes through the pupil strikes the lens. Here the light is further bent to produce an upside down image that forms on the retina

4. The lights receptors on the retina detects the image that is made up of light. They produce a message. 5. The message is sent to the brain along the optical nerve. The brain then interprets the message and we see the object the right way up. Properties Of Light Reflection is the bouncing of lights of a surface on which light falls on. Refraction is the bending of light when light passes at an angle from one medium such as air to another medium such a glass, each medium with a different density.

Monocular And Stereophonic Visions. The survival of an animal often depends on the position of the animals eyes. Some animal, for example, have eyes on the sides of their head. This kind of vision is called monocular vision. Some animal have eyes on the front of their heads. This helps them to judge the distance of objects that they are looking at. These two views are put together to form a 3D image rather than just a flat image. This vision is called stereoscopic vision.

Monocular Vision

Stereoscopic Vision

STIMULI AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS

Positive And Negative Tropism Plants, like all other living things, can also react to changes in their surroundings. However, unlike animals, plants often react slowly to stimuli such as light, water, gravity and touch. Tropism is when plant move towards or away from a stimulus. If the plant move towards the stimuli it is called positive tropism If the plant does the opposite it is called negative tropism. Plants response to ; Phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism and nastic movement

Phototropism Phototropism is the movement or growth of plants in response towards light. Geotropism Geotropism is the movement or growth towards gravity. Hydrotropism Hydrotropism is the movement or growth of plants in response to water. Thigmotropism Thigmotropism is the movement or growth of plants in response to touch.

CHAPTER 2 : NUTRITION

CLASSES OF FOOD
Carbohydrates Carbohydrate gives us energy. They are sugars and starch found in food. Excess carbohydrates are stored as fat. Proteins. Proteins are used for building body tissues, enzymes and hormones. Protein is needed for growth , development and repair of body tissue. They also gives us energy. Fats. Fats provide us with energy and warmth. Fats are found in animal products such as butter and fatty meat. Fats are also found in plant products. Vitamins. Vitamins are needed in small amounts for our health and growth. A shortage or deficiency in any vitamin may cause health problems.

Minerals. Minerals are needed in small amount for our growth and development. They are also needed by body tissues and used in some chemical reactions in the body.

Fibre. Fibre keeps our intestines healthy and working properly. Food containing fibre can move along quickly and easily through the intestines. Without fibre, we may constipate. Eating food containing fibre also prevents cancer piles and even bowel cancer. Water. Water is needed for breaking down food, dissolving the different classes of food and transporting various substances around our body. Water makes up 70% of our body weight and forms a major part of our blood. Chemical reaction in our body can only take place if there is enough water.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A BALANCE DIET.

A Balanced Diet. A balanced diet contains the right amount of energy for our needs. We must eat enough of seven classes of food for our growth, development and health. A balanced diet is determined by the persons age, size, sex, occupation or activity, state of health or the climate and environment.. Calorific Value Of Food. Energy stored in food can be measured in units such as calories or joules(1 Calorie = 4.2 joules).

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestion. Some classes of food like starch, protein and fats consist of large molecules that cannot be absorbed by the bloodstream into our cells. For the large molecules to enter it must be broken down into tiny molecules. The process of breaking down the large food molecules is called digestion. The human digestive system is made up of a tube called the alimentary canal, also known as the gut, and several other organ that work together to break down the food as we eat.

 The

Flow Of Food In The Alimentary Canal.

Food travels through our body along the alimentary canal. It is a continuous tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. Mouth. Digestion starts in the mouth. Food is being chewed by our teeth and it is broken down into smaller pieces. The food is mixed up with saliva and an enzyme, amylase. An enzyme is a substance that speeds up a specific chemical reaction in the body. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that helps to break down large starch molecules into the smaller molecule. It digest starch into glucose. Food is usually not kept long in the mouth so, not all the starch can be digested. Our tongue rolls up the digested food into a lump and the lump travels down the esophagus. Esophagus or Gullet. The esophagus is a narrow tube with smooth muscles in it walls. After food enters the esophagus, The food is being pushed down by a motion called peristalsis.

Stomach. The stomach is a muscular bag with wall that secretes hydrochloric acid, water and protease, a digestive enzyme. Food may be held in the stomach by its contracted muscles for several hours. Contracted stomach muscles also churn up the food in the stomach with hydrochloric acid, water and protease. Protease helps to digest proteins into amino acids. When most of the proteins are digested a thick liquid called chyme leaves the stomach. Small Intestine. The small intestine is where most of the digestion of food takes place. It has a diameter of about 2 cm but a lenght of more than 6 m. As the chyme moves into the small intestine, it mixes the enzymes and secretion from three different organs the small intestine, the liver and the pancreas.

The liver and the pancreas deliver their enzymes or secretions to the small intestine through small tubes . The liver produce bile, a substance that breaks up large fat droplets into smaller particle. Bile flows from the liver into the gall bladder, the organ that stores bile. As food enters the small intestine, bile passes through a tube from the gall bladder into the small intestine. It then mixes with food. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease and lipase that flow into the small intestine. Amylase helps to break down starch into glucose. Protease help to break down protein into amino acids. Lipase helps to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The small intestine produces different enzymes such as amylase, lipase and protease to complete the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Digestion of food in our body ends in the small intestine.

ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD

The inner lining of the small intestine is lined with many ridges and folds -:

Note the millions of tiny finger shaped projections called vili that covers the lining of the small intestine. The presence of vili greatly increases the surface area of the small intestine. The greatly increased surface area enables digested food to be absorbed faster into the small intestine than if the walls were smooth.

Reabsortion Of Water In The Large Intestine. The large intestine forms the last part of the digestive system. It has a diameter of about 6cm to 7cm but a length of about 2m. By the time the watery mixture from the end of the small intestine enters the large intestine, most of the products of digestion would have been absorbed into the body . The large intestine reabsorbs large amount of water from the watery mixture through its walls. As water is reabsorbed , the watery mixture changes into solid waste that contain undigested food such as fibre, bacteria, dead cells and others.

REABSORTION OF WATER AND DEFECATION

Defecation. The large intestine ends in a short tube called the rectum. Here, the solid waste are compressed. The compressed waste leave the body through the anus, a muscular opening at the end of the rectum, as faeces, through a process called defecation. Defecation is the process in which faeces is expelled from the body through the rectum due to contractions of muscles in the rectal wall Rates of defecation among humans vary widely from three times a day to once in two or three days. However, when a person can only defecate at long intervals such as a week, the person suffers from constipation, a problem of defecation.

HEALTHY EATING HABITS

Malaysia is one the fortunate countries in the world where a great variety of food is available in large amounts.