Presented By, ANUSHREE RADHAKRISHNAN S7-AEI No-8509

CONTENTS
How vision is possible? How vision is impaired?

Bionic eye
Device Description Engineering Details Intraocular Camera Chip & Wire

Brain Implant
Advantages & Disadvantages Conclusion
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HOW HUMAN VISION IS POSSIBLE?

CONDITIONS
i. Image must be formed on the retina. ii. Resulting nerve impulses must be conducted to visual areas TO FORM CLEAR IMAGE i. ii. iii. iv. Refraction of light rays. Accomodation of the lens. Constriction of pupil. Convergence of eyes.

HOW VISION IS IMPAIRED?

Damage of optic nerve
Damage to the visual pathway Damage to area processing colors Stroke

BIONIC EYE
An artificial eye provokes visual sensations in the brain. Experimental implants can stimulate the ganglia cells on retina. The devices are 2mm in size and contains 3500micro photodiodes. Collection of miniature solar cells to convert natural light to electrical signals.

DEVICE DESCRIPTION
A coil that wraps around the optic nerve with 4 points of electrical contact. Video signals come from an external camera. These signals are transmitted to the implant via radio antenna and microchip. Microchip placed behind the ear. This chip is of size 5mm.

ENGINEERING DETAILS OF BIONIC EYE

Device use an electrode array. This is to achieve expected shift of image.

Monitor front of eye under IR illumination.

Eye-position controls the image cameras orientation. The IR beam has 2 roles : It sends power. It is pulse-or amplitude modulated to transmit image data. Captures the image by camera. Transmit information via optical fibre to signal processing computer.

INTRA OCULAR CAMERA

Intraocular camera include an optical imaging system. The optical elements and sensors are enclosed in an implantable biocompatible chip. The optical elements have:Short focal length and to provide adequate resolution images that can be transformed into a set of stimulation signals. Transmission of signal by wireless or wired communication.

MICRO - CHIP & WIRE

Chip is implanted behind retina

Life is 5mm square in size

Ultra thin wire strengthens damaged optic nerve Purpose to transmit light to brain Most of device place outside eye

THE SURGERY
Three incisions in the white part of eye. Gel is removed by vacuuming device.

Pinpoint opening is made on retina to accommodate the chip.

Retina is resealed over the chip. Surgery is done in the presence of biomedical engineers to ensure proper working of chip.

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BRAIN IMPLANT- To remove blindness.

Sensory substitution device for blind. Visual input from camera directly to brain.

Electrodes in contact with visual cortex at backside of the head.

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ADVANTAGES
Technology add life to vision less eyes. The surgery is cost effective. The chip has longlife span.

DISADVANTAGES
Artificial replacement of cones and rods is not easy task.
Si based photodetectors not used. Foreign signals generated by artificial light sensors. Infection and negative reaction.

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CONCLUSION
Restoration of sight for blind is no more a dream today. Bionic eye made this true. Engineers play a major role in design stage of bionic eyes. It is just a matter of 4-5 years ,that the blind will be able to see through these bionic eyes.

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REFERENCE
Neural implants- First Bionic Eyes by Victor Chase. Doctors Test Chips in Eyeballs to restore sight from azcentral.com. www.dobelle.com. Anthonys textbook of Anatomy and Physiology.

Science reporter

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