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RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH

HORMONE(RBGH)

Patricia Anne Barbero


RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH
HORMONE(RBGH)

• MILK PRODUCTION
• GENETIC ENGINEERING
• BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN (BST)
• RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH
HORMONE(RBGH)
Cows
Cows are
domesticated
mammals of the family
Bovidae; they are
raised for their meat
and milk, for their
skins and for some
countries for their
strength as draft
animals…
Cows

Cows on farms and ranches vary widely in type


or confirmation, origin and purpose for which
they are grown

bred for beef


bred mainly for milk production
Dual purpose
I.MILK PRODUCTION
Milk Production

Cows must be milked at regular intervals, usually


twice a day
Annual world milk production in the late 1980s -
518 million tons.
The world milk production in 2000 was 568.480
thousands of tons of all types of milk of which
484.895 thousands tons are cow's milk with a total
of 85.30 % of the world milk production.
Milk Production

Europe, North America and Asia produced 81.82 %


of total cow's world milk production
Developed countries produce 50 % of total milk
production, while higher milk production is forecast
for the developing countries
About 85% of the world’s milk is produced in
temperate zone countries. Commercial milk
production of genetics cattle accounts from 80 % to
85 %.
Milk Production

• 1980s -The number of dairy cows in the


United States dropped from 25 million in
1945 to 10 million
• Milk yield per cow has soared, from an
annual 2080 kg in 1945 to today average
6350 kg. Some herds now regularly
produce 11350 kg averages, and dairy
scientists confidently expect dairy cattle to
average 18000 kg by the beginning of the
next century.
II. Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering

by this process, genes are isolated, modified and


inserted into the same or into a different one
Protein products of the modified genes may cover
the function of their missing or malfunctioning
counterparts.
General Steps in recombinant DNA
Obtain procedure
gene of
interest Insert
into Transform
cloning and
vector maintain
in Recover
host cell Cloned
DNA Express cloned
DNA
and study
gene
product
III. BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN (BST)
What is Bovine Somatotropin (BST)?

• Somatotropins are protein (not steroid)


growth hormones that are species-specific
in their effect
• Cows, humans, pigs, mice and other
organisms produce their own unique
somatotropins, which are not cross active.
What is Bovine Somatotropin (BST)?

• As early as 1930s, scientists discovered


that the milk production in lactating cows
could be significantly boosted by
supplementing the natural production of the
BST in cows with an artificial injection of
additional amounts of BST.
IV. RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH
HORMONE(RBGH
RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH
HORMONE(RBGH
• The gene that encodes
BST production was
isolated and inserted into E.
Coli.
• it takes about 6 days after
injection to realize the
maximum effect of the
hormone
• To meet this increased
production, the cows
increase their feed intake by
about 10% to 20%.
RECOMBINANT BOVINE GROWTH
HORMONE(RBGH)

• Recorded increase in milk


yield as a result of rBGH
supplementation ranged
from 8.3 to 21.3 percent in
research studies
Marketing rBGH

• 1993
• Monsanto
Company of St.
Louis, Missouri
• Trade name
Posilac
Why use rBGH?
• The technology requires no capital
investment
• There is no significant lag time between the
introduction of the technology and the
financial benefits reaped as a result of it.
• rBGH is virtually identical to the BST
naturally produced by cows, differing by just
one amino acid residue.
• Minute amounts present in milk are
digested and so do not pass into the human
bloodstream.
Disadvantages of rBGH
MILK OVERPRODUCTION
• the demand for milk has failed to keep up
with the dramatic increases that have
already taken place in milk yields

leading to the occurrence of so called milk


lakes
Disadvantages of rBGH

• Due to the introduction of rBGH in the


market massive quantities of federally
owned dairy products have been left in
storage in government warehouses

(it only implies that rBGH is not intended


solely to produce more milk)
Effects on Human Health

• while it is true that genetically engineered


BST itself almost certainly poses no health
risks to humans, its used is linked to
significantly raised levels of insulin growth
factor-1 in the cow’s milk
• IGF-1 is associated with breast, prostate
and colon cancers
Effects on Human Health

• may trigger premature growth in infants,


breast development in children and breast
cancer in women

• When cow’s milk is consumed by human


non-infants, it behaves as a cancer-
accelerator
Effects on Human Health

• Ben Mepham, a physiologist working at the


Center for Applied Bioethics at Nottingham
University, argued that legislation of
commercial use of rBGH in the absence of
more extensive information on these
questions could lead to a deterioration in
public health
Effects on Human Health

• He has also pointed out that public confidence in


biotechnology would be helped by a more open
system of regulation and by the use of blind
trials in experimental work, as is the norm in
pharmaceutical industry
Does the use of RBGH Injections harm the
cow’s health?
• may increase the incidence of mastitis,
cystic ovaries, disorders of the uterus,
retained placentas and other health
problems, including indigestion, bloat,
diarrhea and lesions of the knees
• more susceptible to udder infections
• Mastitis is a condition which can increase
the amount of cow's pus which ends up in
the milk
Does the use of RBGH Injections harm the
cow’s health?
• will often become malnourished
• like hoof diseases, open sores
and bovine death stemming from
internal bleeding
• for many people the thought that
cows will be artificially stimulated
by biweekly injections of
genetically engineered BST for
most of their lives is somehow
off-putting
• milk still retains a special
aura of freshness and
naturalness
• “Nature and all that is natural is valuable
and good in itself; all forms of genetic
engineering are unnatural in that they go
against and interfere with Nature,
particularly in the crossing of natural
species boundaries; all forms of genetic
engineering are, therefore, intrinsically
wrong.”

-Michael Reiss
“ In short, rBGH threatens to undermine the
common good not simply of the dairy farmers it
will displace, but of us all. It promises, in a small
way, to undermine our general well-being.”

Gary Comstock
American philosopher
Addressing the problems of using
RBGH

• there are local,


national and
international entities
implementing rules to
regulate
biotechnology
products
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
• In 1997, FDA decided to subject all biotechnology
products to the same standards of regulation as
traditional products.
• companies or researchers whose products meet out the
following criteria should submit them for testing:
– 1.) if the product produces unexpected genetic effects
– 2.) the product has higher than normal levels of
toxicants than other edible varieties of the same
species
– 3.)the product has altered levels of essential nutrients
– 4.) the chemical composition of the product is
significantly different from existing normal products

– 5.) the product contains proteins that have allergenic


properties

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

– 6.) the product is produced by a biotechnology
process that utilizes genetic markers that could
adversely impact current clinically useful antibiotics
– 7.) the plants engineered to produce pharmaceuticals
or other polymers
– 8.) the products chemical composition regarding
nutrients and toxins is significantly different from
levels in similar products used for feed.
APHIS
• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
• The Food Safety and Inspection Service
(FSIS) has the responsibility to ensure that
they do not pose a threat to human health.
APHIS has the power to carry out an
environmental assessment
• 'FONSI' – finding of no significant impact
does it issue permit
Thank You!

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