PSAE Chemistry Review Part 2

Electrons Available for Bonding

Are called __________ __________ The Electrons in the Outermost energy level _______ _______ ________ ________

Nucleus

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Electrons Available for Bonding

Table Type #1: ROMAN NUMERALS

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Electrons Available for Bonding

How Many Valence Electrons does each Element Have? Use the ___________ ___________ at the top of each Column. The Group Number tells you how Many Valence Electrons.
Group Numbers

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Electrons Available for Bonding

Table Type #2: Groups Numbered 1 thru 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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How Many Valence Electrons does each Element Have?

Electrons Available for Bonding

_________________: The Number tells you the # of ValenceElectrons. Groups _______________: Subtract ________ from the Group Number. The Remainder is the # of Valence Electrons.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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How much does an Atom Weigh?

Almost________ ______________ of an Atom is in the Nucleus.

Electron Cloud

is____________ _____________ ____________

Even though the Nucleus is only a very small part of the Atom Slide 7

How much does an Atom Weigh?

________ _________
12
Equals the # of Protons & Equals the # of Electrons

C
Carbon
12.011

___________________ Average Mass of all known _______________

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How much does an Atom Weigh?

Isotopes: Atoms of an element that have _____________ _____________. WHY do they have Different Masses? Because of a Different Number of ____________.
Particle Proton Neutron Electron Mass (amu) 1 1 0
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Note: Almost ALL of the Mass is in the Protons and Neutrons.

How much does an Atom Weigh?

Isotope Notation Mass Number
Includes: #

of ____________ & # of _____________

Atomic Number

12 6

C
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# of _________________
# Neutrons = Mass Number Atomic Number

How much does an Atom Weigh?

Examples of Isotopes

Carbon has three Isotopes: They are all carbon atoms, but with different numbers of Neutrons
Carbon 14 Carbon 13 Carbon 14

___Neutrons

___Neutrons

___Neutrons

__ 6

__ 6

__ 6

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________________________ not found in Nature

Made by Smashing Different Atoms together with _____________ Accelerators

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TransUranium Elements

States of Matter

______

______

______

________
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States of Matter
Retains a ____________________________ rigid - particles locked into place Not easily ____________________________ little free space between particles Does not _____________________________ rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

SOLID
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States of Matter
Assumes

_________________ of the part of the _________________ which it occupies

particles can move/slide past one another

Not

easily _____________________
little free space between particles

Flows ________________________ particles can move/slide past one another

LIQUID
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States of Matter
Assumes _____________ and volume of its container
particles can move past one another ___________________ lots of free space between particles

Flows ________________
particles can move past one another

GAS
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States of Matter
The word "PLASMA" was first applied to _________________. Plasma consists of a collection of _______________________ electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons. Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma.

PLASMA
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Phase Changes
a.k.a. CHANGES OF STATE
__ __

_ __ _

__ _

_ __ __

_ __ __

__

__ __

_ __

_ __ __ _ __

__ _

__ __ __ _

__

__ _

__ __ __ _

__

__

__

__________________ ____________________

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Phase Change Diagrams

Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase Changes *Temp Increasing
Temperature

_____________
Liquid Changing To Gas

_____________
Solid Changing to Liquid

Liquid

Solid

No Solid Remaining Time

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Ga s
in ain em sR Ga No g

Phase Change Diagrams

Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase Changes

_____________
Gas
Temperature
Gas Changing To Liquid

*Temp Decreasing

______________
Liquid
Liquid Changing To Solid

Solid
Time

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Kinetic Molecular Theory

_________________________________
________ Kinds of Motion Translation __________________ from point A to point B. Rotation _______________ or _______________ Vibration ____________ and Forth Movement Gases are in Constant Random Motion

G:\STUFF\ G:\STUFF\ Visualizing Visualizing visualizingmolecularmotion.movvisualizingmolecular.mov Molecular Motion Molecular Motion 1 Video (Many) Video

G:\STUFF\ Diffusion of diffusionofagas.mov Gases Video

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Gas Laws
Pressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on a Surface

___ N/cm

___ N/cm

___ N/cm

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2

Gas Laws
Pressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on a Surface
Gas Molecules exert pressure on any surface with which they collide. The More Gas Molecules in a Container the Higher the Pressure. Ex. Double the # of Particles

___________________

1.0 atm

2.0 atm

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Gas Laws
The More Gas Molecules in a Container the

________________
This

is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional) Volume Must be Held Constant

Pressure (atm)

# of Particles (moles)

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Gas Laws
Boyles Law: _____________________

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Gas Laws
Boyles Law: P x V = Constant
When Pressure _______________ Volume Decreases When Volume Increases Pressure ________________
This

is an Inversely Proportional Relationship Temperature Must be Held Constant

Slide 26

Gas Laws
Charless Law: V T = Constant
When Temperature Increases Volume Increases

This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional)

Volume (Liters)

Pressure Must be Held Constant

Temperature C

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Gas Laws
Gay-Lussacs Law: _________________
When Temperature Increases Pressure _______________ This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional) Volume Must be Held Constant

Pressure (atm)

Temperature C

Slide 28

Gas Laws
STP Standard _______________ & ____________
Standard Temperature: ____ Degrees Celsius ( 0 C ) Standard Pressure: _____________________ ( 1 atm)

Slide 29

Gas Laws
Temperature
Temperature: a measure of the Average Kinetic Energies of
All Molecules in a Sample

Converting From Celsius Scale To Kelvin Scale Degrees Celsius(C ) + 273 = Kelvins (K)

Ex: _____________________________
Converting From Kelvin Scale To Celsius Scale Kelvins (K) 273 = Degrees Celsius (C )

Ex: _____________________________
Note: The Kelvin Temperature is ALWAYS HIGHER !

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