PREPARED BY: KHAYAM ARIF CIVIL ENG.

(NUST)

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
CHAPTER # Master subtitle style Click to edit 13

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CURRENT THROUGH METTALLIC CONDUCTOR

Electrons in metals Valence electrons are free just like gas molecules

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Net current=0
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 Ends

connected to battery E sets up

Electrons

experience force in opposite direction

-E
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dont acquire an acceleration due to collisions They acquire a constant velocity DRIFT VELOCIT = 10e-3 m/s
Velocity

Electrons

due to thermal motion =several 100s KM/s

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Motion

path of electrons in a conductor

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CONCLUSIONS

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Sources of current

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 Current

decreases from maximum to zero

What

to do for constant supply?????????

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Effects of Current
Heating

Effect effect effect

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Magnetic Chemical

Heating Effect
Current is due to flow of electrons Electrons collide with atoms Give some KE to them Vibration of atoms increases Heat produces
H=I.I.R.T

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Magnetic effect
Current

field Strength depend on value of cuurent and distance

Utilized

always accompanied by magnetic

in detection and measurement of current ,electric motors

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Chemical effect
Certain

liquid conduct electricity Changes in liquid is due to chemical effect This study is called electrolysis Depends upon nature of liquid and electricity passed
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 Electrolyte Electrodes..anode/cathode Voltametervessel example

containing all

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Colour Code for Carbon Resistance

Resistors

used in electronic circuit

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Construction

carbo n Ceramic rode

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Reading the colour codes

B B R O Y Great Britain Very Good Wife 0123456789

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 First

Band first digit Band second

Second

digit
Third

Band number of band tolerance

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zeros
Fourth

Silver +/- 10 %

Example

Red

2 Yellow 4 Blue 000000 Silver +/- 10%

0 0 0 0 0 % 0 10 4 2
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Rheostat
Wire

wound variable resistance

C

B
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Construction

Maganin wire wound over insulating cylinder terminal at the ends A and

Fixed

B
Moving

terminal with sliding contact

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Functions

Functio n
Re sis tan c e

. er P d i iv D
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Working as Variable resistence

Batter y

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Rheostat as potential divider We can change the voltage of the battery with little arrangement of rheostat with battery

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Batter y

V B C
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A C

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Current through BC

I=V/R

VBC=current X resistance VBC=I X r VBC=(V/R)X r VBC=(r/R)X V

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THERMISTORS
A

heat sensitive resistor

Some

have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e. resistance decrease with temp. increase temp coefficient

Positive

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Construction
Heating

semiconductor ceramic at high temp

Metallic

oxide of manganese ,nickle ,cobalt

and iron Formed into desired shape and backed

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Applications
Thermostat

with negative temp coefficient can measure temperature up to 10 k Temperature sensor Changes of temperature into electrical voltage

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Electrical power and power dissipation in resistors

The

rate at which the battery is supplying electrical energy is called power output or electrical power of the battery

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B
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Derivation
Work

done in moving the charge Q uphill

W=V X Q

Electrical power=(Energy supplied/Time) Electrical power=( V X Q)/t As I = Q/t So power= V X I This is for power supplied by battery
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According to law of conservation of energy power dissipated is also P=VI P=(I.I)R : P=(V.V)/R

All

are equations of calculating the power dissipated by resistor

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EMF and Potential difference

Q In time t

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I got energy from chemical reaction

+ Battery

THIS IS E.M.F

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 Emf

is energy supplied to unit charge E=W/q

Unit

of emf joule/coloumb

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Internal resistance
A

battery is equillent to emf E and resistence r in series

R due to electro lyte

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Derivation
Battery with emf and r

Extern al resista nce S open: voltameter reads emf E as terminal voltage S closed: now Emf is less

Voltam eter of infinite resista nce

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Derivation
Total

current I=E/(R+r) E=IR+Ir

Termi nal voltag e

IR=E-Ir

When switch is closed

Terminal voltage is less than emf by an amount Ir

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Energy consideration

IR

Ir

Emf : energy gained as electron passes through the cell from

Energy dissipated in circuit + energy dissipated in the cell

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Difference
Emf

is cause ----voltage is effect Emf is always present---P.D is zero when no current flows

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Kirchoffs rule
Simple

circuit:

one voltage source and number of resistances

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Complex

circuits

Number of voltage sources and resistances

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Ohms

law and resistance combination helps in solving simple circuits

Kirchhoff's

law helps in solving complex circuit

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Kirchhoff's first rule

Sum of all currents flowing toward a point is equal to sum of all currents flowing away from the point

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Another statement
Sum

of all currents meeting at a point is zero

I=0

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Convention
Current

positive Current flowing away from point is taken negative -ve

flowing toward a point is taken as

+ve -ve +ve

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Explanation

I1+I2-I3-I4=0

Law of Conservation of charge: Flow of charge is conserved Does not deposit at charge point There should be no sink or source

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Kirchhoffs second rule

Algebraic

sum of voltage changes in a closed circuit is zero

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WHEAT-STONE BRIDGE
Wheat

stone bridge is an electrical circuit . In wheatstone bridge four resistance R1, R2, R3 and R4 are connected end to end with each other to form a closed loop. A sensitive galvanometer "G" is 4/23/12 connected between their

I1

I3
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I2

Derivation

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Conclusions
R1,R2,

and R3 of known adjustable value R4 of unknown value Resistances are adjusted so as galvanometer shows no deflection Then R4 can be determined by

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Potentiometer
P.D

is measured by an instrument called voltmeter How ??? Problem??? What is needed for correct measurement???
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 For

correct measurement we use digital voltmeter and cathod ray oscilloscope But expensive Difficult to use

Simple

and cheap instrument is potentiometer

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