Magmatismo de Arco de ilhas

● Atividade alongo de cadeia de ilhas

vulcância em forma de arco ao longo de
zonas de subducção
● Distinto de todas as outras províncias
bsalticas
✦ Composição mais diversa e silicica
✦ Basaltos geralmente ocorrem em quantidades
subordinadas
✦ Também são rochas mais explosivas do que
bsaltos
✦ Estrato-vulcanicas são as formas mais comuns
● Atividade Ignea é relacionad a situações de
placa convergente que resulta da subducção
de uma placa embaixo de outra
● O modelo petrologico inicial :
✦ Crosta Oceanica é parcialmente fundida

✦ Fundido sobe através da placa

descendente para formar vulcões bem

abaixo da borda da direção da placa
Suprimento não limitado de crosta
oceânica para fundir
 Oceano-oceano → Island Arc (IA)
Oceano-continente → Continental Arc or
Active Continental Margin (ACM)

Figure 16-1. Principal subduction zones associated with orogenic volcanism and plutonism. Triangles are on the overriding
plate. PBS = Papuan-Bismarck-Solomon-New Hebrides arc. After Wilson (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Allen Unwin/Kluwer.
 Produtos da Subducção
● Associações igneous Caracteristicas
Complexamente
● Padrões Distintos de metamorphism Interrelacionados
● Orogenese e cinturões dobrados (mountain
belts)

Orogenic e Subduction-related são sinonimos

quando se referimos a uma associação comum
de basaltos, basaltos andesitos, andesitos,
dacitos, e riolitos produzidos nas zonas de
subducção
= “orogenic suite”
 Estructura de um Arco de Ilhas

Figure 16-2. Schematic cross section through a typical island arc after Gill (1981), Orogenic Andesites
and Plate Tectonics. Springer-Verlag. HFU= heat flow unit (4.2 x 10-6 joules/cm2/sec)
Note a direção de fluxo do manto (induzido pelas
setas), cunha isolada, e subida para → sistema de
espalhamento em bacias de back-arc
Zona Sismica de Benioff-Wadati (x x x x)
•Fronte Vulcanico
•h e constante de relatividade → profundidade é
importante fator a ser considerado

Partial melts should be less mafic than their parent

Ultramafic mantle → mafic basalt
Basaltic oceanic crust → intermediate andesites
Rochas Vulcanicas de Arcos de Ilhas

● Complexa situação tectonica e amplo espectro

● Alta proporção de basaltos andesiticos e andesitos
✦ Maioria dos andesios ocorrem em ambientes de zona de
subducção
Table 16-1. Relative Proportions of Quaternary Volcanic
Island Arc Rock Types
Locality B B-A A D R
Talasea, Papua 9 23 55 9 4
Little Sitkin, Aleutians 0 78 4 18 0
Mt. Misery, Antilles (lavas) 17 22 49 12 0
Ave. Antilles 17 42 39 2
Ave. Japan (lava, ash falls) 14 85 2 0
After Gill (1981, Table 4.4) B = basalt B-A = basaltic andesite
A = andesite, D = dacite, R = rhyolite
 Elementos Maiores e Series
Magmaticas
● Tholeiitica (MORB, OIT)
● Alcalina (OIA)
● Calco-Alcalina (~ restrita a SZ)
Todas as 3 series ocorrem em ambiente de ZS sendo
predominante a → CALCO-ALCALINA
Calco-alcalina serie de magma é usada como outro sinonimo de
suite orogenica por muitos autores
O uso do termo calco-alcalino deve ser estritamente usado para
desginar quimicamente uma serie de magma, não uma
associação tectonica
 Elementos Maiores
a. Alcali vs. silica
b. AFM
c. FeO*/MgO vs. silica

diagramas para > 2000 analises

de ~ 30 arcos de ilhas e arcos
continentais com enfase as rochas
vulcânicas mais primitivas

Figure 16-3. Data compiled by Terry

Plank (Plank and Langmuir, 1988)
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90, 349-370.
 Sub-series do Calco-Alcalino
● K2O e um importante discriminante → 3 sub-
series

The three andesite series of Gill (1981)

A fourth very high K shoshonite series
is rare

Figure 16-4. The three andesite

series of Gill (1981) Orogenic
Andesites and Plate Tectonics.
Springer-Verlag. Contours
represent the concentration of
2500 analyses of andesites
stored in the large data file
RKOC76 (Carnegie Institute
of Washington).
Figure 16-6. a. K2O-SiO2 diagram distinguishing high-K, medium-K and low-K series. Large squares = high-K, stars = med.-K,
diamonds = low-K series from Table 16-2. Smaller symbols are identified in the caption. Differentiation within a series (presumably
dominated by fractional crystallization) is indicated by the arrow. Different primary magmas (to the left) are distinguished by
vertical variations in K2O at low SiO2. After Gill, 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Springer-Verlag.
Figure 16-6. b. AFM diagram distinguishing tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series. Arrows
represent differentiation trends within a series.
Figure 16-6. c. FeO*/MgO vs. SiO2 diagram distinguishing tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series.
Note:Tonga-Kermadec
Figure 16-6. From Winter (2001)éAntanto baixo-K
Introduction e Metamorphic
to Igneous and tholeiiticoPetrology. Prentice Hall.

•PNG e alto -K e calco-alcaline

•Central America e medio-K e calco-alcalino por este criterio
de (b), mas é diferente pelo de (c).
Figure 16-6. c. FeO*/MgO vs. SiO2 diagram distinguishing tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series.
Figure 16-6. c. FeO*/MgO vs. SiO2 diagram distinguishing tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series.
6 sub-series se combinar tholeiito e C-A (muitas são raras)
Pode se escolher as 3 mais comuns:

✦ Tholeiitos de
✦ baixo-K
✦ C-A Medio-K

✦ Alto -K
mistura

Figure 16-5. Combined K2O - FeO*/MgO diagram in which the Low-K to High-K series are combined with the tholeiitic vs. calc-
alkaline types, resulting in six andesite series, after Gill (1981) Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Springer-Verlag. The
points represent the analyses in the appendix of Gill (1981).
Diferenciação Tholeiitica vs. Calco-alcalina

Figure 16-6. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Estes diagramas Harkers representam > 1
vulcanismo para cada arco, mas da um a idea geral
C-A mostra continuo aumento de SiO2 e ausencia
de enriqueciemento drastico em Fe (note Guatemala
e PNG in FeO*/MgO)
TiO2 diminui devido a oxidos de Fe-Ti
CaO/Al2O3 pode aumentar com fracionamento de
plagioclasio, mas diminui em todos os tipos -> Cpx
responsavel pelo CaO
SiO2 e constante em toleitos
Diferenciação Tholeiitica vs. Calco-alcalina
C-A mostra continuo Tholeiitic silica in the
Skaergård Intrusion
aumento em SiO2 e ausência
do enriquecimento drático
em Fe

No change
 Diferenciação Calcio-alcalina
✦ Cristalização inical de uma fase oxido de Fe-Ti
Provavel relacionada ao alto conteúdo de agua em
arcos com magmas calcio-alcalinos, dissolvidos →
Alta fO2
✦ Alta pressão de agua tambem diminui o liquidus rico em
plagioclasio → e fase mais rica em An
✦ Aumenta magmas aquosos, ∆P → liquidus rico em
plagioclase move-se para alta T → cristallização de fase
rica em An-SiO2-pobre em plagioclasio
✦ A cristallização de plagioclasio anorthitico baixa-silica,
alto-Fe hornblenda e o mecanismo alternativo para
observar o trend de diferenciação calcio-alcalino
Figure 16-8. K2O-SiO2 diagram of nearly 700 analyses for Quaternary island arc volcanics from the Sunda-
Banda arc. From Wheller et al. (1987) J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res., 32, 137-160.
 Outros Trends
● Espatial
✦ “K-h”: tholeiitos baixo-K próximo a trincheira
→ C-A → alcalinos com o aumento da
profundidade da zona sismica
✦ Também ao longo do arco
▲ Antilles → mais alcalino N → S

▲ Aleutians é segmenado com C-A em um

segmento inicial e tholeiitico no final

▲ Temporal
✦ Tholeiitico inicial → tardio C-A e
frequentemente alcalino tardio é comum
● REEs
Elementos Traços
✦ Series com inclinação
similar, mas variam com o
peso daCF devido a remoção
de Ol, Plag, e Pyx
✦ (+) inclinação de baixo -K
→ DM
▲ Pode ser tanto empobrecido do
que o MORB
✦ Outros tem inclinações mais
normais
✦ Assim requer fontes de um
manto heterogeneo
✦ HREE plano, não tem
granada profunda
Figure 16-10. REE diagrams for some representative Low-K
(tholeiitic), Medium-K (calc-alkaline), and High-K basaltic andesites
and andesites. An N-MORB is included for reference (from Sun and
McDonough, 1989). After Gill (1981) Orogenic Andesites and Plate
Tectonics. Springer-Verlag.
 ● Spider Diagramas normalizados ao MORB
● OIB intraplaca tem tipico encurvamento

Figure 14-3. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous

and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Data from Sun
and McDonough (1989) In A. D. Saunders and M. J.
Norry (eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc.
London Spec. Publ., 42. pp. 313-345.
 ● Spider Diagramas normalizados ao MORB
● IA: separação de HFS - LIL (LIL são hidrofilicos)
O que causa o enriquecimento em fluidos nas
zonas de subducção?
Figure 14-3. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Data from Sun
and McDonough (1989) In A. D. Saunders and M. J.
Norry (eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc.
London Spec. Publ., 42. pp. 313-345.
Figure 16-11a. MORB-normalized spider diagrams for
selected island arc basalts. Using the normalization and
ordering scheme of Pearce (1983) with LIL on the left and
HFS on the right and compatibility increasing outward
from Ba-Th. Data from BVTP. Composite OIB from Fig
14-3 in yellow.
 Isotopos
● Vulcânicas da New Britain, Marianas, Aleutians, e South
Sandwich volcanics plotam-se dentro de um campo limitado de
variação do DM.

Figure 16-12. Nd-Sr

isotopic variation in some
island arc volcanics.
MORB and mantle array
from Figures 13-11 and
10-15. After Wilson
(1989), Arculus and
Powell (1986), Gill
(1981), and McCulloch et
al. (1994). Atlantic
sediment data from
White et al. (1985).
A principal fonte de magmas tipo arco de ilhas é muito similar a
fonte dos MORB.
Embora alguns elementos traços requer componentes
enriquecidos neste ambiente.
Os dados para outros arcos se extendem ao longo de dois trends
de enriquecimento, um para o arco Banda arc e o outro para o de
Lesser Antilles, extendendo-se para baixo do campo do OIB.
Antilles (Atlantic) e Banda e New Zealand (Pacific) podem ser
explicados por fusão parcial de uma fonte tipo MORB-+ a adição
de um tipo de sedimento que existe na placa subductante
(Sedimentos do Pacifico tem 87Sr/86Sr ao redor de 0.715 e
143
Nd/144Nd ao redor de 0.5123)
O aumento de enriquecimento de N-S nas Antilles é relacionado
ao aumento da proximidade de fontes do final do sul da America
do Sul e Amazonas
Figure 16-13. Variation in 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb for oceanic island arc volcanics. Included are the isotopic reservoirs and the
Northern Hemisphere Reference Line (NHRL) proposed in Chapter 14. The geochron represents the mutual evolution of
207
Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb in a single-stage homogeneous reservoir. Data sources listed in Wilson (1989).
Pb em muitos arcos superpoe com dados de MORB, novamente
sugerindo que um componente de manto empobrecido é o maior
reservatório fonte para magmas em zonas de subducção
A maioria dos dados enriquecidos em Pb radiogenico (207Pb and
206
Pb), apontam em direção a um apropriado reservatório
oceãnico marinho sedimentar
Vários arcos podem mostrar = mixing de DM, PREMA, e fontes
sedimentares
O arco de Sunda extende-se para EMII
Aleutians segue uma linha de mistura follow entre o DM ou
PREMA e sedimentos do Atlantico, desda maneira extende-
se para baixo do HIMU (Fig. 14-6)
Dados de Pb claramente indicam um componente
sedimentar em magmas de arcos.
Mas Quando isto ocorre?? Antigos componentes EM
ou recente adições de sedimentos ao manto?
Isotopos de Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes não podem distinguir
10
Be created by cosmic rays + oxygen and nitrogen in upper atmos.
✦ → Earth by precipitation & readily → clay-rich oceanic seds

✦ Half-life of only 1.5 Ma (long enough to be subducted, but

quickly lost to mantle systems). After about 10 Ma 10Be is no
longer detectable
✦ 10 Be/9Be averages about 5000 x 10-11 in the uppermost
oceanic sediments
✦ In mantle-derived MORB and OIB magmas, & continental
crust, 10Be is below detection limits (<1 x 106 atom/g) and
10
Be/9Be is <5 x 10-14
B is a stable element
✦ Very brief residence time deep in subduction zones

✦ B in recent sediments is high (50-150 ppm), but has a greater

affinity for altered oceanic crust (10-300 ppm)
✦ In MORB and OIB it rarely exceeds 2-3 ppm
 10
Be/Betotal vs. B/Betotal diagram (Betotal ≈ 9Be since 10Be is so
rare)

Figure 16-14. 10Be/Be(total)

vs. B/Be for six arcs. After
Morris (1989) Carnegie Inst.
of Washington Yearb., 88,
111-123.
Petrogenese de magmas em Arcos de
Ilhas
● Por que o magmatismo em zonas de subducção é
um paradoxo?
● Paradoxo: Grande quantidade de magmas são
gerados em regiões onde a litosfera fria é
inicialmente subductado no manto e as isotermas
são dimiuidas, não elevadas

● Não há modelo petrogenetico adequado que pode

ser derivado sem considerar o regime thermal
regime em zonas de subducção
Muitas variaveis podem afetar as isotermas em
sistemas de zonas de subducção, que são:
1) A razão da subducção
2) A idade da zona de subducção
3) A idade do pedaço da crosta subductando
4) A extenção de como a placa subductante induz
o fluxo na cunha mantelica
Outros fatores, tais como:
✦ Mergulho da placa

✦ Aquecimento fricional

✦ Reações metamórficas endothermicas

✦ Fluxo de fluido metamorfico

 ● Modelo termal tipico para zona de subducção
● Isotermas devem ser altas (i.e. o sistema for quente) se
a) A razão de convergencia for baixa
b) A placa subductada é jovem e proxima a cadeia (warmer)
c) O arco é jovem (<50-100 Ma de acordo Peacock, 1991)

Curvas amarelas
= fluxo do
manto

Figure 16-15. Cross section of a

subduction zone showing
isotherms (red-after Furukawa,
1993, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8309-
8319) and mantle flow lines
(yellow- after Tatsumi and
Eggins, 1995, Subduction Zone
Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford).
 Componentes principais da fonte → magmas AI
1. A porçãocrustal da placa subductada
1a Crosta oceanica alterada (hidratação pela circulação da
água do mar, e metamorfisada em grande em facies xisto
verde)
1b sedimentos oceânicos e de forearc subductados e1c
Agua do mar armazenada em espaços vazios

Figure 16-15. Cross section of a

subduction zone showing
isotherms (red-after Furukawa,
1993, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8309-
8319) and mantle flow lines
(yellow- after Tatsumi and
Eggins, 1995, Subduction Zone
Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford).
 2. A cunha mantelica entre a placa e a crosta do arco
3. A crosta do arco
4. O manto lithosferico da placa subductante
5. A asthenosfera abaixo da placa descendente

Figure 16-15. Cross section of a

subduction zone showing
isotherms (red-after Furukawa,
1993, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8309-
8319) and mantle flow lines
(yellow- after Tatsumi and
Eggins, 1995, Subduction Zone
Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford).
● Left with the subducted crust and mantle wedge
● The trace element and isotopic data suggest that both
contribute to arc magmatism. How, and to what
extent?
✦ Dry peridotite solidus too high for melting of

anhydrous mantle to occur anywhere in the

thermal regime shown
✦ LIL/HFS ratios of arc magmas → water plays a

significant role in arc magmatism

● The sequence of pressures and temperatures that a rock is
subjected to during an interval such as burial, subduction,
metamorphism, uplift, etc. is called a pressure-temperature-
time or P-T-t path
● P-T-t paths for the subducted crust in a variety of arc scenarios
numerically modeled by Peacock (1990, 1991)
● All curves are based on a subduction rate of 3 cm/yr, so the
length of each curve represents about 15 Ma

Subducted Crust

The yellow P-T-t

paths represent
various arc ages

Figure 16-16. Subducted crust

pressure-temperature-time (P-T-
t) paths for various situations of
arc age (yellow curves) and age
of subducted lithosphere (red
curves, for a mature ca. 50 Ma
old arc) assuming a subduction
rate of 3 cm/yr (Peacock, 1991,
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,
335, 341-353).
●Young oceanic lithosphere will be near the ridge and still
warm. The lithosphere cools fairly quickly away from the
ridge, so P-T-t paths first recede rapidly to lower T/P
paths, and then more slowly as they approach a near
steady state at ca. 200 Ma. Subducted Crust

Curvas vermelhas =
idaded da placa
subductante

Figure 16-16. Subducted crust

pressure-temperature-time (P-T-
t) paths for various situations of
arc age (yellow curves) and age
of subducted lithosphere (red
curves, for a mature ca. 50 Ma
old arc) assuming a subduction
rate of 3 cm/yr (Peacock, 1991,
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,
335, 341-353).
Now add the solidi for dry and water-saturated melting of basalt

Subducted Crust

Figure 16-16. Subducted crust

pressure-temperature-time (P-T-
t) paths for various situations of
arc age (yellow curves) and age
of subducted lithosphere (red
curves, for a mature ca. 50 Ma
old arc) assuming a subduction
rate of 3 cm/yr (Peacock, 1991).
Included are some pertinent
reaction curves, including the
wet and dry basalt solidi (Figure
7-20), the dehydration of
hornblende (Lambert and
Wyllie, 1968, 1970, 1972),
chlorite + quartz (Delaney and
Helgeson, 1978). Winter (2001).
An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
● Dehydration D and liberation of water takes place (mature arcs
with lithosphere > 25 Ma old)

2. Slab melting M
occurs arcs
Subducted Crust
subducting young
lithosphere, as
dehydration of
chlorite or
amphibole release
water above the wet
solidus to form Mg-
rich andesites
directly.
● The LIL/HFS trace element data underscore
the importance of slab-derived water and a
MORB-like mantle wedge source
● The flat HREE pattern argues against a
garnet-bearing (eclogite) source
● Thus modern opinion has swung toward the
non-melted slab for most cases
Mantle Wedge P-T-t Paths
 ● Amphibole-bearing hydrated peridotite should melt at ~ 120 km
● Phlogopite-bearing hydrated peridotite should melt at ~ 200 km
→ second arc behind first?

Crust and
Mantle
Figure 16-18. Some calculated P-T-t
paths for peridotite in the mantle wedge Wedge
as it follows a path similar to the flow
lines in Figure 16-15. Included are some
P-T-t path range for the subducted
crust in a mature arc, and the wet and
dry solidi for peridotite from Figures
10-5 and 10-6. The subducted crust
dehydrates, and water is transferred to
the wedge (arrow). After Peacock
(1991), Tatsumi and Eggins (1995).
Winter (2001). An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
 Island Arc Petrogenesis

Figure 16-11b. A proposed

model for subduction zone
magmatism with particular
reference to island arcs.
Dehydration of slab crust
causes hydration of the
mantle (violet), which
undergoes partial melting as
amphibole (A) and
phlogopite (B) dehydrate.
From Tatsumi (1989), J.
Geophys. Res., 94, 4697-4707
and Tatsumi and Eggins
(1995). Subduction Zone
Magmatism. Blackwell.
Oxford.
 A multi-stage, multi-source process
● Dehydration of the slab provides the LIL, 10Be, B,
etc. enrichments + enriched Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic
signatures
✦ These components, plus other dissolved silicate

materials, are transferred to the wedge in a fluid

phase (or melt?)
● The mantle wedge provides the HFS and other
depleted and compatible element characteristics
 ● Phlogopite is stable in ultramafic rocks beyond the conditions at
which amphibole breaks down
● P-T-t paths for the wedge reach the phlogopite-2-pyroxene
dehydration reaction at about 200 km depth

Figure 16-11b. A proposed model for

subduction zone magmatism with
particular reference to island arcs.
Dehydration of slab crust causes hydration
of the mantle (violet), which undergoes
partial melting as amphibole (A) and
phlogopite (B) dehydrate. From Tatsumi
(1989), J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4697-4707 and
Tatsumi and Eggins (1995). Subduction
Zone Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford.
● The parent magma for the calc-alkaline series is a high alumina
basalt, a type of basalt that is largely restricted to the subduction
zone environment, and the origin of which is controversial
● Some high-Mg (>8wt% MgO) high alumina basalts may be primary,
as may some andesites, but most surface lavas have compositions
too evolved to be primary
● Perhaps the more common low-Mg (< 6 wt. % MgO), high-Al
(>17wt% Al2O3) types are the result of somewhat deeper
fractionation of the primary tholeiitic magma which ponds at a
density equilibrium position at the base of the arc crust in more
mature arcs
 ● Fractional crystallization thus takes place at a number of levels

Figure 16-11b. A proposed

model for subduction zone
magmatism with particular
reference to island arcs.
Dehydration of slab crust
causes hydration of the
mantle (violet), which
undergoes partial melting as
amphibole (A) and
phlogopite (B) dehydrate.
From Tatsumi (1989), J.
Geophys. Res., 94, 4697-4707
and Tatsumi and Eggins
(1995). Subduction Zone
Magmatism. Blackwell.
Oxford.
Figures not used
Figure 16-9. Major phenocryst
mineralogy of the low-K tholeiitic,
medium-K calc-alkaline, and high-K
calc-alkaline magma series. B =
basalt, BA = basaltic andesite, A =
andesite, D = dacite, R = rhyolite.
Solid lines indicate a dominant phase,
whereas dashes indicate only sporadic
development. From Wilson (1989)
Igneous Petrogenesis, Allen-
Unwin/Kluwer.
Figures not used
Figure 16-11b. MORB-normalized spider diagrams for selected island arc basalts.
Using the normalization and ordering scheme of Sun and McDonough (1989) with
increasing compatibility to the right. Data from BVTP. OIB data from Sun and
McDonough (1989) In A. D. Saunders and M. J. Norry (eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean
Basins. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 42. pp. 313-345.