Group 4 : 1.Neola Hestu Prayoga 2.Adhika Setya Pratama 3.Aberli Alda Gosya 4.Arhad 5.Ade Muhammad Reza 6.

Wahyu Deni Pratama

105120403121001 105120401121021 105120401121008 105120407121 105120407121013 105120401121020

Marxism
Critical theorys boarder intellectual origins in Marxism Marx formulated the global-level emancipation project:
political emancipation elimination of economic inequality

Historical emphasis:
historical materialism mostly, historic change has been un-emancipatory

Recognition that a given order serves particular interests

e.g. class; or the developed countries of the West

Representation of the existing order as natural:

Gramsci: hegemony

Origins of critical IR
Robert Cox (1981) Social Forces, States and

World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory: a distinction between problem-solving and critical theory theory is always for someone and for some purpose it is always an expression of a perspective and situated in space and time (historically specific)

Coxs intellectual legacy:

Antonio Gramsci; Frankfurt School Critical theory:
should investigate how the world in which the theorist finds

him- or herself has got to be this way asks historical questions emancipatory:

exposes the existing world order as non-arbitrary enquires into interests and forces that shaped its movement along a particular historical trajectory uncovers other possible routes

constructivist since it views the given reality as a construct

a result of human action in all its guises

Strengths and weaknesses:

Critical theory lacks precision of problem-solving theory The precision of problem-solving theories is costly:
by representing the social and political orders as fixed they

are ideologically biased to ignore evidence (and possibility) of change serve particular interests (e.g. national, class etc.) invested in the status quo. conservative orientation not value-free

Critical theory is emancipatory:

approaches practice from a perspective that transcends

that of existing order and allows for a normative choice in favour of a different political order (Cox 1981)

Marxism and critical theory in IR

Key Marxist and critical theorists in IR include Ashley, Linklater and Cox. In explaining the world politics, Marxism and critical theory studies the structures of global capitalism and the ideologies and agents situated within these structures. It emphasises the capital-driven nature of states actions in the global capitalist system and the need for states to maintain control of oil in order to maintain global capitalism.

Other strands of critical theory:

Richard Ashley: The Poverty of Neorealism in Robert Keohane, Neorealism and Its Critics (1986) Based on:
Habermass critical account of social sciences French post-structuralism (Foucault, Derrida

A Foucauldian account of social process:

a focus on power-knowledge nexus (interplay between

systems of power and systems of knowledge) different historical periods are characterised by different structures of power-knowledge relations

R.B.J. Walker; James Der Derian; David Campbell