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Definitions
Geology: is the science that deals with rocks, minerals, and subsurface rocks. This science also studies the formation, structure and behavior of these materials.
Engineering Geology: deals the the application of geologic concepts into engineering practice.
AM consultants
KSU
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring solids with specific structures and chemical composition. There are thousand of minerals, and the vast majority form rocks (rock-forming minerals) Properties of minerals control the properties of rocks Identifications is done using physical (color, Mohs Scale), chemicals properties (evaluating reactions), and structure (microscope, X-ray diffraction)
Minerals - Examples
Quartz (SiO2): is a very common mineral. Mohs hardness 7. Chert is a type of amorphous silicate that may react with Portland cement. Feldspar (orthoclase KAlSi3O8 and plagioclase NaAlSi3O8 ): is the most abundant mineral. Mohs hardness 6 (orthoclase)
Minerals - Examples
Calcite (CaCO3): is soluble in water which can transport it. It may cement soils when precipitate out of solution. It reacts with hydrochloridic acid. Mohs hardness 3. Dolomite: similar composition to calcite (it has magnesium) Mica (Muscovite is white; Biotite is black): semitransparent flakes or sheets with very low friction coefficient.
Pitt Univ.
Pitt Univ.
Minerals - Examples
Gypsum: it is a whitish mineral that has cementing properties. It is used in the manufacturing of Portland cement and dry walls. It is soluble in water. Pyroxene, Amphibole, Hornblende, Olivine: are ferromagnesian minerals. Limonite, Magnetite: are minerals that contain iron (Fe2O3). They have rusty color (e.g., Georgia clay) Ice (solid H2O). Water is not considered a mineral. Diamond: is the hardest mineral of all. It is composed of pure carbon.
Sedimentary Rock
metamorphosis
Igneous Rock
metamorphosis
Metamorphic Rock
Molten MAGMA
(Coduto 1999)
CalState-Los Angeles
Scienceclarified.com
Univ. of Idaho
Bibliography
Coduto, D. (1999). Geotechnical Engineering. Principles and Practice. Prentice-Hall. McCarthy, D. (1998). Essential of Soil Mechanics and Foundation. Prentice-Hall. Budhu, M. (2005). Soil Mechanics and Foundations. Wiley. Encyclopedia Britannica (2001). Web Site. http://britanica.com Liu, C. and Evert, J. B. (2001). Soils and Foundations. Prentice-Hall.