CHILD ABUSE

CHILDHOOD
EARLY 0-5(6-7) LATE 5-10(10-12) ADOLSCENT 12-18 YOUNG ADULTS 18+ ARBITARY DIVISON FOR PRESENT DISCUSSION

ABOUT CHILDREN

"A child can teach an adult three things: to be happy for no reason, to always be busy with something, and to know how to demand with all his might that which he desires.-PAULO COELHO

ABOUT CHILDREN
On Children (by Khalil Jibran)
You are the bows from which your children as Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of Lifes longingliving itself. are sent for arrows forth. They come through you but not from you, The archer sees the And though they are with you yet they belong not to you. the path of the mark upon You may give them your love but not your thoughts, infinite, and He bends you with For they have their own thoughts. You may house their bodies but not their souls, His might that His arrows may go For their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow, swift and far. which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams. Let your bending in the You may strive to be like them, archers hand be for gladness; but seek not to make them like you. For For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday.even as He loves the arrow that flies, so He loves also the bow that is stable

NEETHISARAM

/ (Indulge a child for the first five years of his life, for the next ten years deal firmly with the child. Once the child is sixteen, treat him as a friend.)

HISTORY
Child abuse has existed and flourished throughout history, in all cultures and ethnic backgrounds, in all its forms. Historically, two rights are at the core of violence against children: the right to own property, and the right to own children. Throughout history children were considered property. Parents had the unrestricted authority to do to a child whatever was deemed necessary. Usually the father made all the disciplinary decisions.

HISTORY contd
In ancient Rome, fathers had the authority to sell, kill, maim, sacrifice or otherwise do with a child as he saw fit. Typically, the father exercised this power if the child was born deformed, weak, disabled, or in any way different than was considered the norm. In these cases, it was not unusual for a Roman father to declare the child unfit to

HISTORY contd
Sexual abuse within the family has always existed, in spite of a universal taboo . From Biblical literature, to the Inca, to the Egyptians, virtually all types of incest are described. Even today, child sexual abuse continues, despite societal taboos.

HISTORY contd
Historically, parents have used their children for profit. In England and the Americas, during industrialization, children were placed in apprenticeships, workhouses, orphanages, placement mills, factories, farms, and mines. In England, 5-year-olds worked 16-hour days in factories while shackled in chains. They were often whipped to

HISTORY contd
From 1870 to 1930, over 8000 children were taken from the streets of Dublin and London, then shipped to Canada to work on farms and in factories. The children were at the mercy of the adults who claimed them. Many of these Canadian adults felt their job was "to shape their crude material into finished form and to do so through the application of

HISTORY contd- Mary-Ellen

Mary-Ellen is- first child abuse case in North America(?)

It was 1873. Mary-Ellen was 9 years old when a church worker, Mrs. Etta Wheeler, who had been asked to visit the family, found Mary-Ellen shackled to her bed, grossly malnourished, scarred and badly beaten. Mrs. Wheeler was so appalled by what she saw that she went to the authorities to report this horrifying child abuse. The authorities turned her away.But Mrs. Wheeler refused to take no for an answer; she petitioned the American

Mary-Ellen is- first child abuse case in North America(?)

Animals were protected, but children were not. Mrs. Wheeler appealed to the ASPCA that children were members of the animal kingdom, and must therefore be protected. It was on these grounds that the ASPCA did finally intervene. Mary-Ellen was removed from her abusive home, placed in foster care, where she thrived. She went on to marry, have 2 daughters, and Mary-Ellen lived to the age of 92.

CHILD ABUSE
ISSUES
Recognition Acceptance-closing eyes wont make it dark Statistics-revealing but alarming Epidemiology- where, who, what type, signs, Consequences What pediatricians can do What parents can do

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA

19% of the worlds children live in India. 42% of Indias total population are aged below eighteen. Child protection has remained largely unaddressed

Status of Children in India

India has
Highest rate of neo-natal deaths (around 35%) in the world 40% of child malnutrition in developing world 50% of the child mortality Reducing number of girls in 0-6 age group- for every 1000 boys 927 girls 46% children from ST and 38% SC out of school High school dropout specially among girls High rate of child marriage:
37% of literate & 51% of illiterate girls are married below 18 10% of literate & 15% of illiterate boys are married below 18

Large number of child labourers Large number of sexually abused children

CRITICAL CONCERNS
Every fifth child in the world lives in India Every third malnourished child in the world lives in India Every second Indian child is underweight. Three out of four children in India are anaemic Every second new born has reduced learning capacity due to iodine deficiency Decline in female/male ratio is maximum in 0-6 years: 927 females per

CRITICAL CONCERNS
Retention rate at Primary level is 71.01% Girls enrolment in schools at primary level is 47.79% 1104 lakh child labour in the country (SRO 2000) Children born with low birth weight are 46% Children under 3 with anemia are 79%

CRITICAL CONCERNS
Harmful traditional practices like child marriage, caste system, discrimination against the girl child, child labour and Devadasi tradition(AP,KARNATAKA) impact negatively on children and increase their vulnerability to abuse and neglect

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA

In 2008, one out of every three children were victims of physical abuse, with parents of victims accounting for almost 80.1% of abusers. 2.34 children out of 100,000 die from injuries relating to their abuse, with 80.8% of deaths occurring in children under four years old. For every incident of child abuse or neglect that gets reported, its estimated that two others go unreported. Neglect is by far the most common form of child abuse, accounting for more than 78% of all cases. Physical abuse accounts for 17.8% of documented child abuse cases each year. A fourth of all girls and a sixth of boys are sexually abused by an adult before the age of 17. 8 out of 10 sexual abusers are someone in the family or someone the child knows. Every month, at least 100 babies are born to drug-using mothers. Of kids who have a parent who uses drugs, one in 13 is physically abused regularly. Abused children are more likely to abuse alcohol and become addicted to drugs, and one third will later abuse their own children.

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA

Report 2005: Trafficking in Women and Children in India: 44,476 children were missing in India; India major source and destination country for trafficking children from within India and adjoining countries Three to five lakh girl children in commercial sex and organisized prostitution

Study on Child Abuse INDIA 2007

Covered 13 states Sample size: 12447 children (51,9% boys, 48,1% girls; 25,4% from Scheduled Castes, 15.1% Scheduled Tribes, 29.2% Other Backward Classes), 2324 young adults, 2449 stakeholders. Different forms of child abuse: physical, sexual, emotional abuse, girl child neglect 5 evidence groups: children in the family environment, children in school, children at work, children in the street, children

MAJOR FINDINGS

Across different kinds of abuse, it is the young children, in the 5-12 year group, who are most at risk of abuse and exploitation.

MAJOR FINDINGS
Physical abuse There is very little research on physical abuse in India. Only two earlier studies are mentioned two out of three children were physically abused out of 69% children, 54.68% were boys over 50% children in all 13 sample states were being subjected to one or the other form of physical abuse Most children did not report the matter to anyone. The state of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi have almost consistently reported higher rates of abuse in all forms as compared to other states. In different age categories, the higher percentage of physical abuse was reported among younger children (5-12 years

MAJOR FINDINGS
Family out of those children physically abused in family situations, 88.6% were physically abused by parents. School 65% of school going children reported facing corporal punishment i.e. two out of three children were victims of corporal punishment. 62% of the corporal punishment was in government and municipal school. NGO run schools also reported high percentage of corporal punishment. Working children Boys and girls were being equally abused and run high risk of abuse Institutions Percentage of abuse in correctional institutions was very high: 56.37% Physical abuse of girls in institutions also very high

MAJOR FINDINGS
Sexual Abuse 53.22% children reported having faced one or more forms of sexual abuse. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi reported the highest percentage of sexual abuse among both boys and girls. 21.90% child respondents facing severe forms of sexual abuse and 50.76% other forms of sexual abuse. Out of the children respondents, 5.69% reported being sexually assaulted. Children in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Delhi reported the highest incidence of sexual assault. Children on street, children at work and children in institutional care reported the highest incidence of sexual assault. 50% abuses are persons known to the child or in a position of trust and responsibility. Most Children did not report the matter to anyone.

MAJOR FINDINGS
Emotional Abuse and Girl Child Neglect Every second child reported facing emotional abuse Equal percentage of both girls and boys reported facing emotional abuse In 83% of the cases parents were the abusers 48.4% of girls wished they were

Recommendations
The report sums up recommendations on policy and legislation Protocols, scheme on child protection Outreach and support services, Tracking missing children, Share responsibility for all stakeholders involved, Capacity building, gender equality, Advocacy and awareness, Research and documentation Gives specific recommendations on the different evidence groups (children in school, at work etc).

DATA AND RESULTS ON CHILDREN IN WORK

Child labour around the world ILO estimates that 218 million children were involved in child labour in 2004, of whom 126 million were engaged in hazardous work. Estimates from 2000 suggest that 5.7 million were in forced or bonded labour, 1.8 million in prostitution and pornography and 1.2 million were victims of trafficking. Child labour in India 1104 lakh child labour in the country (SRO 2000) The worlds highest number of working children is in India

DATA AND RESULTS ON CHILDREN IN WORK

Data on child labour in the STUDY Out of the total sample, 19.9% children were child labourers of which 50% boys and 50% girls. 23.16% child domestic workers 11.2% tea kiosks and restaurants 7.83% bidi rolling Remaining percentage other

MAJOR FINDINGS CONCERNING ABUSE OF CHILDREN IN WORK

In all these categories of child labour it is remarkable that there is a high percentage of children in the age group 5-12 years (always around 50%). It is a matter of serious concern that so many children are working as CDWs, particularly in view of the invisibility of children working in this occupation. The recent ban on use of children in domestic work is yet to show any result. The research emphasizes: working children have high probability of being abused by their employer or supervisor.

MAJOR FINDINGS CONCERNING ABUSE OF CHILDREN IN WORK Earlier research showed that almost
70% of the child domestic workers had been abused physically 50% children worked seven days a week. 56.38% of the children were working in the illegal/hazardous occupations 65% of the children were working because of parental pressure and 76% of them handed over their earnings to their parents children at work reported the highest incidence of sexual assault (8.7%)

Recommendations concerning children in work

1. There should be better coordination at national, state, district and block/ward levels for the following: Rescuing children from banned occupations and their repatriation and mainstreaming into appropriate education streams. Poverty alleviation schemes specifically targeting families of working children, repatriated working children and children at-risk of falling into child

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

CHILD ABUSE IN INDIA-DATA

Extent, Trends and Patterns of Substance Abuse among Children in India. Two million opiate-users, 8.7 million cannabis-users and 62.5 million alcohol users of whom between 17 and 20 per cent were dependent users WHO estimates that globally 25 to 90 % of children and adolescents indulge in substance abuse

 street based children start off with tobacco use when they are 10-11 yrs when they are little older they graduate to use inhalants. By the time they are 13 yrs old the use of inhalants tapers off and they start experimenting with alcohol and illicit drugs like cannabis, brown sugar etc.

Extent, Trends and Patterns of Substance Abuse among Children in India

 The studies show that the school going children are using mostly tobacco and alcohol, Where as the out of school children especially the street based, slum based and child laborers are at a risk of experimenting with most dangerous substances both licit as well as illicit in nature Alcohol, tobacco and inhalants are described as gateway drugs, which

Extent, Trends and Patterns of Substance Abuse among Children in India

Extent, Trends and Patterns of Substance Abuse among Children in India

Whatever type of substances children indulge in, it creates a huge hindrance for survival, protection, growth and for their healthy development

Challenges in Addressing Substance Abuse Problem among Children in India

Being neglected by the family, as their parents lack resources to provide protection and care, many share the burden of the family at a very young age work for very long hours and suffer from excessive fatigue, and remain susceptible to infectious disease due to poor nutritional status They engage in work that are too demanding to their size and strength, causing irreversible damage to their physical and physiological development, resulting in permanent disabilities They are extremely vulnerable because of their growing bodies, their lower threshold for toxics

 Then there are social-legal challenges that they face who live on their own in the streets are also detained illegally, beaten and tortured by the employers, police and the society to extract maximum labour out of them. These vulnerable children are also easy targets for police atrocities Children and adolescents who have been physically maltreated are more likely to

Challenges in Addressing Substance Abuse Problem among Children in India

 The predominant reasons cited by the children for intake of drugs in one the study is to overcome homesickness, to cope up with hard weather conditions, to over the pain of exploitation, and sexual abuse and the compulsion to spend money (Asian Age, 2006). Using drugs also numbs their hunger pangs when food is

Challenges in Addressing Substance Abuse Problem among Children in India

Challenges in Addressing Substance Abuse Problem among Children in India

Impact of globalization and liberalization policies, easy availability, starting of more beer parlours, The influence of cinema and television serials and the influence of alco-pub culture, Most of the youngsters start taking alcohol just for fun or under the excuse of being sociable. Many are drawn by peer pressure of friends and relatives. To satisfy curiosity, relieve boredom, experience pleasurable feelings, escapism from stress and frustrations are other attributing factors.

 The ignorance about the ill-effects of alcohol on physical and mental health, the myths prevailing in the society that alcohol helps to relieve pain, stress and frustrations and to improve digestion are the other major causes of increased drinking Reports of heart friendly!!

Challenges in Addressing Substance Abuse Problem among Children in India

SUBSTANCE ABUSE
KERALAM - ALCOHOL 2006 reveal that 14 per cent of the alcohol-consuming population in Kerala is below 21 years of age. lowering in the age of initiation, alarming increase in the young drinking population and more girls and young women turning to alcohol in spite of strong religious and cultural taboos.

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

Kerala is India's tippler country. It has the highest per capita consumption - over eight litres (1.76 gallons) per person a year - in the nation, overtaking traditionally harddrinking states like Punjab and Haryana.

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

Jacob Varghese says he began drinking when he was nine years old, sipping on his father's unfinished whisky and brandy in glass tumblers. It's a terrifying story of a descent into alcoholism for this 40-year-old. At school, he consumed cheap local liquor. He lived in a haze of alcohol through his teens and dropped out oHe lost a job, cut his wrists twice trying to end his life, landed up in rehabilitation centres and at the age of 32, was reduced to begging on the streets to fund his alcohol habit. 'Lost respect'"Drinking is a disease in Kerala," he says, his voice dropping to a whisper. "I lost my kin, my respect and all my money chasing alcohol. Everyone encourages you to have it - your friends, the government." This was before he was dragged to the local Alcoholics Anonymous chapter by friends. This, after 17 years of drinking had reduced him to a mental wreck and a pauper.f college.

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

Alcohol helps in giving Kerala's economy a good high shockingly, more than 40% of revenues for its annual budget come from booze. A state-run monopoly sells alcohol. The curiously-named Kerala State Beverages Corporation (KSBC) runs 337 liquor shops, open seven days a week. Each shop caters on average to an astonishing 80,000 clients. In fiscal year(2009-2010) the KSBC is expected to sell $1bn (0.6bn) of alcohol in a state of 30 million people, up from $12m when it took over the retail business in 1984. Similarly, revenues from alcohol to the state's exchequer have registered a whopping 100% rise over the past four years.

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

The monopoly is so professionally run that consumers can even send text messages from their phones to a helpline number to record their grievances. "If we delay opening any of our shops by even five minutes, clients send us text messages saying that they are waiting to buy liquor," says KSBC chief N Shankar Reddy. That's not all. There are some 600 privately run bars in the state and more than 5,000 shops selling toddy (palm wine), the local brew. There is also a thriving black market liquor trade.

KERALA-GODS OWN COUNTRY

Thursday, Jul 01, 2010

Inhalant abuse reported among teens

ADDICTION: Empty whitener bottles seized from school students by the Viyyur police.

Tobacco use Among Children in India

India is the worlds second largest producer of tobacco. Every year about 800,000-900,000 Indians die due to tobacco use It was estimated in 1999-2001 that 5,500 adolescents start using tobacco every day in India, joining the 4 million young people, under the age of 15, who already use tobacco regularly Most start using tobacco before the age of 18 years, while some start as young as 10 years

 Current prevalence of tobacco use, in any form, among school going youth (age 13-15 years) - 17.5% (range: 2.7% -63%). Current smokeless tobacco use14.6% (range: 2.0% - 55.6%) Current smokers were 8.3% (range: 2.2 % -34.5%)
GLOBAL YOUTH TOBACCO SURVEY 2004

Tobacco use Among Children in India

Tobacco use Among Children in India Tobacco use TABLE IGYTS Results on
Among Boys and Girls in India. Tobacco Use Boys (%) + SD Girls (%) Ever tobacco use 30.4 + 2.3 16.8 + 2.2 Current tobacco use 22.0 + 2.1 10.3 + 1.9 Smokeless tobacco use 18.5 + 2.1 8.4 + 1.9 Current smoking 10.5 + 1.6 4.4 + 1.0

Determinants of tobacco use in youth

Socio-demographic factors Age, gender, state and region, socioeconomic status, rural versus urban residence and family composition.-higher prevalence of tobacco use among the low SES-High prevalence was reported in the North Eastern states and Bihar Social environmental factors that include: normative expectation (perceptions and attitudes), role models, media and advertising, social norms, opportunities vs. barriers (accessibility and policy issues) and social support (tobacco use by friends)

Determinants of tobacco use in youth

Personal factors knowledge about tobacco and tobacco use, values and functional meanings about tobacco use, self-image and selfefficacy Behavioral factors Behavioral intentions to use tobacco in future, repertoire behavior (concurrent alcohol and tobacco use), skills (to resist influences) and related incentives to begin and continue tobacco use

Determinants of tobacco use in youth

Parents using tobacco, exposure to smoke at home and friends smoking. It was negatively associated with curricular teaching on dangers of tobacco at school. Parental tobacco use was reported two to three times more often by tobacco users, as

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

The problem of substance abuse has become a global public health concern Fast assuming alarming proportions not only in developed countries but also in developing countries Changing trends in the usage, particularly in children, adolescents and youth Most essential and urgent need for creating a World fit for Children

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

Alternative alcohol-free facilities
Drink because there is nothing else to do. Tuitions and Special Classes Extra Curricular activities, Competitive sports, Social work-NCC,NSS,Sports Clubs,Scince Club,Arts Club Sports matches should be held first thing on a Saturday or Sunday morning to prevent young people drinking at weekends Sports clubs should encourage those who

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

Role of parents-understanding and have parentsrealistic expectations Parents need to take responsibility for and give good example to young people, e.g. give advice on safe drinking; Participate in on a parents education programme (parents and young people) know what their children are doing; set a good example themselves with alcohol Parents must trust young people

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

Program to address problem children with tobacco and alcohol addiction-counsel and rehabilitation Parents Teachers Children School based programs Community based programs Media awareness/utilize media

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

The multinational cigarette companies act as a vector that spreads disease and death throughout the world. This is largely because the tobacco industry uses its wealth to influence politicians to create a favourable environment to promote smoking. The industry does so by minimizing restrictions on advertising and promotion and by preventing effective public policies for tobacco control such as high taxes, strong graphic warning labels on packets, smoke-free workplaces and public places, aggressive counter-marketing media campaigns, and advertising bans. Unlike mosquitoes, another vector of worldwide disease, the tobacco companies quickly transfer the information and strategies they learn in one part of the world to others. -The tobacco industry in developing countries

Protecting Children from Substance Abuse

It remains an astonishing, disturbing fact that in America- a nation where nearly every new drug is subjected to rigorous scrutiny as a potential carcinogen, and even the bare hint of a substances link to cancer ignites a firestorm of public hysteria and media anxiety one of the most potent and common carcinogens known to humans can be bought and sold at every corner store for a few dollars -SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE-THE EMPEROR OF ALL
MALADIES- A BIOGRAPHY OF CANCER

SUMMARY
Child abuse a rampant in India and Kerala transgressing all boundaries Substance abuse- even more problematic-Now or never Lack of awareness by all concerned Comprehensive program to tackle needed IAP and other NGOs have a prominent part to play

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