NEERA AGGARWAL FIT MCA- 1 084

OUTPUT DEVICE

MONITOR
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

Three types :
RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY

RASRER SCAN DISPLAY

DIRECT VIEW STROAGE TUBE (DVST)

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS OF RASTER SCAN DISPLAY

FRAME BUFFER VIDEO CONTROLLER REFRESHING INTERLACING FLICKERING SHADOW MASK ALIASING

RASTER SCAN
1. Pixels 2. Draw complex images 3. Interlacing 4. Shadow mask

RANDOM SCAN
1. Line 2. Line drawing 3. No interlacing 4. Beam Penetration

5. Can draw lines and curves

6. Less expensive

5. Can draw only random lines

6. More expensive

Raster Scan Displays (1)

Raster: A rectangular array of points or dots Pixel: One dot or picture element of the raster. Its

intensity range for pixels depends on capability of the system Scan line: A row of pixels Picture elements are stored in a memory called frame buffer

Raster Scan Displays (2)

Frame must be refreshed to draw new images As new pixels are struck by electron beam, others

are decaying Electron beam must hit all pixels frequently to eliminate flicker Critical fusion frequency

Typically 60 times/sec Varies with intensity, individuals, phospher persistence, lighting...

Raster Scan Displays (3)

Intensity of pixels depends on the system for

example black and white screens each point can be on or off thus it needs one bit of memory to represent each pixel. To paint color screen additional bits are needed. If three bits are used, then number of different colors are 2*2*2. A special memory is used to store the image with scan-out synchronous to the raster. We call this the frame buffer.
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Raster Scan Displays (4)

Interlaced Scanning Assume can only scan 30 times / second To reduce flicker, divide frame into two fields of

odd and even lines

1/30 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec Field 1 Field 2 Frame

1/30 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec Field 2 Field 1 Frame

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Raster Scan Displays (5)

Scanning (left to right, top to bottom) Vertical Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the next field Vertical Retrace: Time needed to get from the bottom of the current field to the top of the next field Horizontal Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the new scan line Horizontal Retrace: The time needed to get from the end of the current scan line to the start of the next scan line

Raster Scan Displays (6)

Raster CRT pros: Allows solids, not just wire frames Leverages low-cost CRT technology (i.e., TVs) Bright! Display emits light Cons: Requires screen-size memory array Discreet sampling (pixels) Practical limit on size

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RASTER SCAN It employs several processing units. It consists of CPU and several purpose processors called video-controller or display controller. VIDEO CONTROLLER OR DISPLAY CONTROLLER Used to control oprations of display devices Also access frame buffer to refresh the screen Video controller direct access the frame buffer

FRAME BUFFER
Fixed area of system memory To draw image- frame buffer location is matched with screen position in Cartesian coordinate system. Screen surface represented as I quadrant, with positive x values. Coordinate origin is at lower-left corner.

VIDEO CONTROLLER
SYSTEM MEMORY VIDEO CONTROLLER

CPU

MONITOR

SYSTEM BUS

I/O DEVICES

BASIC REFRESH OPERATION OF VIDEO CONTROLLER

RASTER SCAN GENERATOR

X REGISTER

Y REGISTER

MEMORY ADDRESS

FRAME BUFFER

PIXEL VALUE(S)

INTENSITY OR COLOR

Architecture of Raster graphics system with a display processor

DISPLAY PROCESSOR MEMORY

FRAME BUFFER

VIDEO CONTROLLER

Monitor

CPU

DISPLAY PROCESSOR

SYSTEM MEMORY

SYSTEM BUS

I/O DEVICES

RASTER SCAN DISPLAY PROCESSOR

Rectangular Grid of Pixel Positions

Aliasing Problem in Raster Scan Display

(x0, y0)

An ideal line

(x1, y1)

Rasterized Line Segment

Aliasing Problem in RSD

Rasterized Circle

Aliasing Problem in Raster Scan Display

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4

P6 P7
P5

Filled Area Primitives

THANK YOU.