Presentation On Computers Network

Topic:-Framing & its methods

Data Link Layer Design Issues

Services Provided to the Network Layer Framing Error Control Flow Control

Framing

Frames Are The Small data Units Created By Data Link Layer And The Process Of Creating Frames By The Data Link Layer Is Known As Framing.

Framing Method Implemented By Data Link Layer Are:

Character Count. Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing. Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing. Physical Layer Coding Violation.

Character Count.

This Method Specifies The Number Of Characters That Are Present In particular Frame. This Information Is specified By using a Special Field In the Header Frame.

Character count

3 0 1 4 1 7 5 7 2 0 1 4 2 6 2 1
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
Frame 4

Character Count Method

Problems with Character Count

A character stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error.

Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing.

In this Method Frame Starts & End With a special Character That Mark The Beginning & End Of Frame. Each character Begins With the ASCII Character Sequence DLE STX (data link Escape Start Of Text ) And End With ASCII Character Sequence DLE ETX (data link escape End Of text)

Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing.

A B C D A B
Data Data From Network Layer

DLE STX
Start Of Frame

DLE ETX
End Of Frame

Starting & Ending Characters Added By Link Layer

Character Stuffing.
A B DLE C D
data on Sender side

DLE STX A B DLE DLE C D DLE ETX

Start Of Frame Data End Of Frame data on Reciever side

B DLE C

Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing.

In this Method , Each Begins & Ends With a Special Bit pattern 01111110 Called Flags. There for Each frame starts With 01111110& also Ends with 01111110. The Main Problem arises in this Method When The Flag byte 01111110 Appear as data. This Problem Is Handled By technique called Bit stuffing That Is similar To character stuffing.

Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing.

01111110

0 101 0011111 0 101

Shifted Bit

01111110
Ending Flag BIT

Stuffing Performed By Data Link layer

Starting flag Bit

0 101 001111110101
BIT stuffing

Data received by Network layer On reciever side After Performing Destuffing By data link Layer

Physical Layer Coding Violation.

This Framing Method Is Used only In those network In which Encoding On The Physical Medium Contain some Redundancy. Some LANs Encode Each Bit Of Data By using two Physical Bit i.e. Menchester coding is Used. In this method Bit 1 Is encoded into high-low(10) Pair And Bit 0 Is Encoded Into low-high(01)pair shown in figure.

Physical Layer Coding Violation.

Menchester Encoding

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