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: Malcolm P. Stevens Professor of chemistry at the university of Hartfort OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 3rd Ed.(1999)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS
PART POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
1. Basic principles 2. Molecular weight and polymer solutions 3. Chemical structure and polymer morphology 4. Chemical structure and polymer properties 5. Evaluation, characterization, and analysis of polymers
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS
PART VINYL POLYMERS
6. Free radical polymerization 7. Ionic polymerization 8. Vinyl polymerization with complex coordination catalysts 9. Reactions of vinyl polymers
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS
PART NONVINYL POLYMERS 10. Step-reaction and ring-opening polymerization 11. Polyethers, polysulfides, and related polymers 12. Polyesters 13. Polyamides and related polymers 14. Phenol-, urea-, and melamine-formaldehyde polymers 15. Heterocyclic polymers 16. Inorganic and partially inorganic polymers 17. Miscellaneous organic polymers 18. Natural polymers
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1. Property difference between polymer and low molecular weight compound 2. Chemistry of polymer synthesis 3. Chemistry of polymer modification
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Polymer
CH2CH2
CH2CH2 Cl
O H2C CH2
CH2CH2O
CH2CH2O O
HOCH2CH2OH
HO
CO2H
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1.2 Definitions
A. Acoording to the amount of repeating units
monomer : one unit oligomer : few polymer : many (poly many, mer part) telechelic polymer : polymer containing reactive end group (tele = far, chele = claw) telechelic oligomer : oligomer containing reactive end group macromer(=macro monomer) : monomer containing long chain
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1.2 Definitions
B. DP : Degree of polymerization
C. The kinds of applied monomers One kind : Homopolymer Two kinds : Copolymer Three kinds : Terpolymer
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
D. Types of copolymer
B-B-B-B-B-
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
(a) linear(b)branch
(c)network
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
(c)ladder polymer
(e) polyrotaxane
(f) polycatenane
(g) dendrimer
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Condensation polymers : repeating units and monomers are not equal, to be split out small molecule
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
(1.7)
O OH R CO2H O R C + H 2O
(1.8)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Other examples 2. Polyamide from lactam (1.9), and from -aminocarboxylic acid (1.10)
O NH R C NH R
O C
(1.9)
O H 2N R CO2H NH R C + H2O
(1.10)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Other examples 3. Polyurethane from diisocyanate and dialcohol(1.11) and from diamine and bischloroformate(1.12):
OCN R NCO + HO R' OH
O O
CNH
NHCO
R'
(1.11)
H2N
NH2 + ClCO
O
R'
OCCl
O
(1.12)
R' O + 2HCl
CNH
NHCO
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Other examples 4. Hydrocarbon polymer from ethylene (1.13), and from ,-dibromide (1.14)
CH2
CH2
initiator
CH2CH2
(1.13)
BrCH2(CH2)8CH2Br
2Na
CH2CH2
2NaBr (1.14)
Chain growth polymerization : Addition polymerization molecular weights increase successively, one by one monomer Ring-opening polymerization may be either step or chain reaction
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
R
O
HO
CO2H
+ H 2O
(1.8)
O H 2N R CO2H NH R C + H 2O
(1.10)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
R
R
A + B
NCO + HO
R'
R'
R'
OH
O O
CNH
NHCO
R'
(1.11)
H 2N
NH2 + ClCO
O
R'
OCCl
O
(1.12)
R' O + 2HCl
CNH
NHCO
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
nH2O
(1.3)
nHO2C
CO2H O C
nHOCH2CH2OH O COCH2CH2O
n
(1.4)
2nH2O
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
C. Carothers equation
( NO : number of molecules N : total molecules after a given reaction period. NON : The amount reacted P : The reaction conversion ) NON P= NO Or
N=NO(1P)
( DP is the average number of repeating units of all molecules present) DP=NO/N DP= 1 1-P DP = 1 1- 0.98
Forexample At98%conversion
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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A. Monomer : vinyl monomer CH2=CH2 B. Reaction : Addition reaction initiated by active species C. Mechanism : Initiation R + CH2=CH2 RCH2CH2
. .
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
ChainReaction
Growth occurs by successive addition of monomer units to limited number of growing chains DP can be very high Monomer consumed relatively slowly, but molecular weight increases rapidly Initiation and propagation mechanisms different Usually chain-terminating step involved Polymerizaion rate increases initially as initiator units generated; remains relatively constant until monomer depleted
Monomer consumed rapidly while molecular weight increases slowly No initiator needed; same reaction mechanism throughout No termination step; end groups still reactive Polymerization rate decreases steadily as functional groups consumed
a
(CH 2)6
O O
(CH 2)6
(1.15)
O
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
CH2N2
BF3
CH2
N2
(1.16)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1.7 Nomenclature
A. Types of Nomenclature
a. Source name : to be based on names of corresponding monomer Polyethylene, Poly(vinyl chloride), Poly(ethylene oxide) b. IUPAC name : to be based on CRU, systematic name Poly(methylene), Poly(1-chloroethylene), Poly(oxyethylene) c. Functional group name : Acoording to name of functional group in the polymer backbone Polyamide, Polyester
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1.7 Nomenclature
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
CH2CH CO2H
Poly(-methylstyrene)
CH3 CH2C
Poly(1-pentene)
CH2CH CH2CH2CH3
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1,4-addition 1,4-Poly(1,3-butadiene)
Poly(1-butene-1,4-diyl)
Systematic
Poly[styrene-co-(methyl methacrylate)] Poly[styrene-alt-(methyl methacrylate)] Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) Polystyrene-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate)
Concise
Copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate) Alt-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate) Block-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate) Graft-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
O O CCH 2CH2
oxy 1-oxopropane-1,3-diyl
CH2CH2
terephthaloyl
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
IUPAC name
Poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(oxyethylene)
HOCH2CH2OH
CH2CH2O
O
Poly(ethylene glycol)
O
Poly(oxyethylene)
H2N(CH2)6NH2
HO2C(CH2)8CO2H
NH(CH2)6NHC(CH 2)8C
O OCH 2CH2O C
C OCH 2CH2OC C O
O NH CH2
10
C
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
OCH2CH2
OH
-Hydro--hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1.7.6 Abbreviations
PVC
Poly(vinyl chloride)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
b.Styrene-butadiene copolymer
Synthetic rubber, PET
Latex paint
(bottle)
1.8.1 Plastics
1) Commodity plastics LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC, PS cf) Table 1.4 2) Engineering plastics Acetal, Polyamide, Polyamideimide, Polyarylate, Polybenzimidazole, etc. cf) Table 1.5 3) Thermosetting plastics Phenol-formaldehyde, Urea-formaldehyde, Unsaturated polyester, Epoxy, Melamine-formaldehyde cf) Table 1.6 4) Functional plastics Optics, Biomaterial, etc.
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Type
Abbreviation
MajorUses Packaging film, wire and cable insulation, toys, flexible bottles housewares, coatings Bottles, drums, pipe, conduit, sheet, film, wire and cable insulation Automobile and appliance parts, furniture, cordage, webbing, carpeting, film packaging Construction, rigid pipe, flooring, wire and cable insulation, film and sheet Packaging (foam and film), foam insulation appliances, housewares, toys
Low-density polyethylene LDPE High-density Polyethylene Polypropylene Poly(vinyl chloride) Polystyrene HDPE PP PVC PS
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
TABLE 1.5 Principal Engineering Plastics Type Acetala Polyamideb Polyamideimide Polyarylate Polybenzimidazole Poltcarbonate Polyeseterc Polyetheretherketone Polyetherimide Polyimide Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Polysulfoned Abbreviation POM PAI PBI PC PEEK PEI PI PPO PPS ChapterWhereDiscussed C 11 13 13 12 17 12 12 11 11 13 11 11 11
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
TABLE 1.6 Principal Thermosetting Plastics Type Abbreviation TypicalUses ChapterWhere Discussed 14
PF Electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, utensil handles, plywood adhesives, particle board binder Urea-formaldehyde UF Similar to PF polymer; also treatment of textiles, coatings Unsaturated polyester UP Construction, automobile parts, boat hulls, marine accessories, corrosion-resistant ducting, pipe, tanks, etc., business equipment Epoxy - Protective coatings, adhesives, electrical and electronics applications, industrial flooring highway paving materials, composites Melamine-formaldehyde MF Similar to UF polymers; decorative panels, counter and table tops, dinnerware
Phenol-formaldehyde
14 12
11
14
1.8.2 Fibers
1) Cellulosic : Acetate rayon, Viscose rayon 2) Noncellulosic : Polyester, Nylon(Nylon6,6, Nylon6, etc) Olefin (PP, Copolymer(PVC 85%+PAN and others 15%; vinyon)) 3) Acrylic : Contain at least 80% acrylonitrile (PAN 80% + PVC and others 20%)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
TABLE 1.7 Principal Synthetic Fibers Type Cellulosic Acetate rayon Viscose rayon Noncellulosic Polyester Nylon Olefin Description Cellulose acetate Regenerated cellulose Principally poly(ethylene terephthalate) Includes nylon 66, nylon 6, and a variety of other aliphatic and aromatic polyamides Includes polypropylene and copolymers of vinyl chloride, with lesser amounts of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, or vinylidene chloride (copolymers consisting of more than 85% vinyl chloride are called vinyon fibers) Contain at least 80% acrylonitrile; included are modacrylic fibers comprising acrylonitrile and about 20% vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride
Acrylic
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Description
Copolymer of the two monomers in various proportions depending on properties desired; called SBR for styrene-butadiene rubber Consists almost entirely of the cis-1,4 polymer Often abbreviated EPDM for ethylene-propylene-diene monomer; made up principally of ethylene and propylene units with small amounts of a diene to provide unsaturation Principally the trans-1,4polymer, but also some cis-1,4 and 1,2 polymer; also known as neoprene rubber Mainly the cis-1,4 polymer; sometimes called synthetic natural rubber Copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene, mainly the latter Copolyner of isobutylene and isoprene, with only small amounts of the Latter Contains inorganic backbone of alternating oxygen and methylated silicon atoms; also called polysiloxane (Chap. 15) Elastomers prepared by linking polyethers through urethane groups (Chap. 13)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a
Letters
PETEb HDPE V or PVC LDPE PP PS OTHER
Plastic
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) High-density polyethylene Poly(vinyl chloride) Low-density polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene Others or mixed plastics
Adopted by the Society of the Plastics lndustry (SPI). b PET is the more widely accepted abbreviation.
POLYMER CHEMISTRY