Organization Behavior

Part 1

Course Contents

Part 1
Definition of OB Perception & Attribution Personality

Part 2
Motivation theories Groups and teams Decision process

Part 3
Organization culture

Course Contents

Part 1
Definition of OB Perception & Attribution

Personality

Course Contents

Part 1
Definition of OB Perception & Attribution

Personality

WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION?

An organization is a system of two or more people, engaged in cooperative action, trying to reach an agreed-upon purpose.

What is organizational behavior?

A field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations; the aim is to apply such knowledge toward improving organizational effectiveness.

WHY ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?

Organizational behavior can help managers : identify problems. determine how to correct them, and establish whether the changes would make a difference. At the end : people better understand situations they face performance and the organizations effectiveness increase.
7

EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

having a broad range of interpersonal skills to makes us more effective organizational participants. So what kinds of interpersonal skills does an individual need in todays workplace?

Competing Values Framework

Source: Adapted from K. Cameron and R. E. Quinn, Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework

Think
Give your self a score from 1 to 5 for each of the following skills 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Monitor Broker Figurehead Coordinator Facilitator Innovator Liaison Mentor ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
9

EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Competing Values Framework

Needed Skills ?

Needed Skills ?

Source: Adapted from K. Cameron and R. E. Quinn, Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework

Needed Skills ?

Needed Skills ?

10

Course Contents

Part 1
Definition of OB Perception & Attribution

Personality

11

PERCEPTION
The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Why is perception important in the study of organizational behaviour (OB)? Simply because peoples behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

12

PERCEPTION

What we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality.

13

PERCEPTION

14

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

15

Attribution Theory
How we judge people differently, depending on
the cause we attribute to a given behaviour

This mean whether The individual is responsible for the behaviour (the cause is internal), or whether something outside is responsible for the behaviour (the cause is external)
16

Rules for Determining Attribution

we rely on three rules about the behaviour: 1. distinctiveness, 2. consensus, and 3. consistency.

17

Rules for Determining Attribution

Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations. Consensus considers how an individuals behaviour compares with others in the same situation.

Consistency An observer looks for consistency in an action that is repeated over time.
18

Attribution Theory

19

How Attributions Get Distorted

Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.

20

How Attributions Get Distorted

Self-serving bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

21

How Attributions Get Distorted

Halo effect
Drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

22

How Attributions Get Distorted

Contrast effects
The concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered.

23

How Attributions Get Distorted

Projection
Attributing ones own characteristics to other people.

24

How Attributions Get Distorted

Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.

25

Why do perception and judgment matter ?

Because they affect outcomes
1. Hiring a candidate
2. Promoting an employee 3. Pay and benefit 4. Sizing up a new employee
26

What is Personality?

Combination of characteristics that comprise the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and interacts with others.

27

Why we study personality?

A review of the personality literature offers general guidelines that can lead to effective job performance.
Because personality characteristics create the parameters for peoples behavior, they give us a framework for predicting behavior , which means why people behave in certain ways in an organization , which is essential for managing organizational behavior
28

Why we study personality?

Example: individuals who are shy, introverted, and uncomfortable in social situations would probably be ill-suited as salespeople. Question : Can we predict which people will be high performers in sales, research, or assembly-line work on the basis of their personality characteristics alone? The answer is no. Personality assessment should be used in conjunction with other information such as skills, abilities, and experience .
29

Measure your personality

____ 1. An enjoyable, satisfying job. ____ 2. A high-paying job. ____ 3. A good marriage. ____ 4. Meeting new people; social events. ____ 5. Involvement in community activities. ____ 6. My values. ____ 7. Exercising, playing sports. ____ 8. Intellectual development.

____ 9. A career with challenging opportunities. ____ 10. Nice cars, clothes, home, etc. ____ 11. Spending time with family. ____ 12. Having several close friends. ____ 13. Volunteer work for not-forprofit organizations,

____ 14. Meditation ,quiet time to think. ____ 15. A healthy, balanced diet. ____ 16. Educational reading, selfimprovement programs.
30

Measure your personality

Interpretation The higher the total in any area, the higher the value you place on that particular area. The closer the numbers are in all eight areas, the more well-rounded you are . Is there any area in which you feel you should have a higher value total? If yes, which, and what can you do to change?
31

What determines personality?

Heredity: Physical characteristics Gender
Personality is a product of Nature & Nurture

Environment: Cultural factors Social factors

Situational factors

32

The role of personality in organizational behavior

Can the person do X ? Knowledge Skills Abilities

Is this the kind of person who is inclined to do X ? Personality

Does the setting encourage or discourage the person to do X ? Situation

Elements of the person

Elements of the situation

Person does or Does not do X

33

Personality Traits and Classifications

Big 5
Locus of control Machiavellianism Type A & B
34

Measure your personality

Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each item by giving score From 5 if strongly agree to 1 if you strongly disagree

-------------------

I keep my room neat an clean People can count on me I like lot of excitement in my life I usually am very cheerful I am generally quite well-mannered to other people People never think I am cold

-------------

I never be worry about things out of control I rarely feel sad or down
I have a lot of curiosity I enjoy the challenge of change

35

Personality Traits and Classifications

Big Five personality dimensions

Extraversion Agreeableness

Being outgoing, sociable, self-confident

Being good-natured, trusting, cooperative.

Conscientiousness

Being responsible, dependable, organized.

Emotional stability Being unworried, secure, relaxed. Openness to experience

Being imaginative, curious, broad-minded.
36

Personality Traits and Classifications

Big Five personality dimensions
Extraversion Introversion
Agreeableness
Openness To experience Closed to experience

highly disagreeable

Emotional
unstable Emotional stable

Conscientiousness

low Conscientiousness
37

Measure your personality

Strongly disagree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 4 Strongly Agree 5

1. My company run by a few people, and there is not much an individual can do about it 2. Many of life's misfortunes are partly due to bad luck 3. My fate was sealed the day I was born 4. Becoming wealthy is primarily a matter of good luck 5. My employer doesn't value the work I do 6. Promotions come about more because of who you know, than how capable you are 7. If I'm unhappy about a decision my boss has made, I can't see much point in raising it, as it won't change anything 8. I often make decisions by flipping a coin 9. I don't have a lot of control over the direction my life is taking 10. I don't set goals as I usually don't achieve them 38

Personality Traits and Classifications

Locus of Control
The extent to which a person feels able to control his or her own life is concerned with a persons internalexternal orientation

Persons with an internal locus of control, believe that they control their own fate or destiny. In contrast, persons with an external locus of control, believe that much of what happens to them is beyond their control and is determined by environmental forces.
39

Measure your personality

Strongly disagree 1
1. 2.

Disagree 2

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear. When you ask someone to do something for you, it is best to give the real reason for wanting it rather than reasons that might carry more weight 3. Anyone who completely trusts someone else is asking for trouble. 4. It is hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there. 5. It is safest to assume that all people have a vicious streak, and it will come out when they are given a chance 6. One should take action only when it is morally right. 7. Most people are basically good and kind. 8. There is no excuse for lying to someone else. 9. Most people forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their property. 10. Generally speaking, people wont work hard unless forced to do so. To obtain your Mach score, add up the numbers you checked for questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10. For the other four questions, reverse the numbers you have checked, so that 5 becomes 1; 4 is 2; and 1 is 5. Then total both sets of numbers to find your score. 40

Personality Traits and Classifications

Machiavellianism.
Machiavellian-which owes its origins to Niccolo Machiavelli. The very name of this sixteenth-century author evokes visions of a master of guile, deceit, and opportunism in interpersonal relations. Machiavelli earned his place in history by writing The Prince, a noblemans guide to the acquisition and use of power The subject of Machiavellis book is manipulation as the basic means of gaining and keeping control of others.
41

Measure your personality

Casual about appointments Not competitive Never feel rushed Take one thing at a time Do things slowly Express my feelings Many outside interests 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 Never late Very competitive Always feel rushed Try to do many things Do things fast Hold in my feelings Few outside interests
42

Personality Traits and Classifications

Type A and Type B.
Type A individuals have an intense desire to achieve, are extremely competitive, have a sense of urgency, are impatient, and can be hostile , struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and, if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons
FINAL POINTS A/B ORIENTATION

Below 14 14 -28 29below 42 42 - 56

B+ B A A+
43