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PROJEC T IN CHEMISTRY
MEMBERS :
GROUP no. 3
Earl john Baybay Lundern Santos Kent Mercado Tala Malapitan Nikka Javier

Kamille Apura

Angelica Ditche Danielle Medina Aran Hipolito Angeliean Punzalan

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RADIATION IN MEDICINE

Radioactivity

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-Refer to the particles which are emitted

from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability . Because the nucleus experiment the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature , it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are us table

Application of Radiation in the field of medicine

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Diagnosis
Covers a wide range of exams from fairly routine X rays to complex CT scan and the injection of radioactive material for nuclear medicine imaging

Therapy

- Therapy is primarily directed to the killing of tumour cells as part of the treatment of cancer .

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Radiation therapy may also be used in the treatment of others disease such as coronary artery disease , by applying a large radiation dose to small area on the inside surface of the vessel to the reduce the probability that the artery will close (occlude) in the future. Involves in delivering a large dose of radiation to a small area of the body. Iodine 131 is administered orally as a liquid

Or capsule in the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Phosphorus 32 is instilled either in an intraperitoneal or intrapleural space to treat malignant effusions. Radioactive 89Sr and 153Sr are injected intravenously to relieve pain from bone cancer. Many radioisotopes are used as sealed sources to treat cancer such as 137Cs, 1925r , 90Sr and 125I. Cobalt 60 is used in machine (teletheraphy unit) as source of intense gamma radiation for the treatment of variety of cancer.-

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Importance of radioisotopes in medicines

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Use in nuclear medicine - Radio isotopes are extensively used in nuclear medicine to allow physicians to explore bodily structures and functions in vivo (in the living body) with a minimum of invasion to the patient. Helps in Radiotherapy Treatments of cancer and other medical conditions that requires destruction of harmful cells

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Biological Effect of Radiation

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Acute Effects

Exposure to a high dose of radiation during a short period of time. Includes: - Nausea and vomiting - Malaise and fatigue - Increased temperature - Blood changes - Bone marrow damage - Damage to cells lining the small intestine - Damage to blood vessels in the brain

DELAY EFFECTS Due to low-level exposure that is called continuous or chronic exposure. In this case, the results may not be apparent for years. This type of exposure is likely to be the result of improper or inadequate protective measures.

Includes: - Cancer (leukaemia, bone cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer) - Genetic defects (malformations in children born to parents exposed to radiation)

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DETECTING RADIATION

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Geiger counters

- were designed to sense extremely small electrical impulses caused by ionizing radiation. In a Geiger counter, an electric current is passed along the walls of a tube. A thin wire passes through the center of the tube (which is filled with a gas argon) that easily loses electrons if it is hit with ionizing radiation. When this happens, an electric current can jump through the gas to the wire. This completes an electrical circuit and the resulting electricity causes a loud clicking noise or moves a needle on a dial

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Scintillation counter

-which takes advantage of the fact that

certain substances such as zinc sulphide, give off light when they are struck by high energy radiation.

Photocell

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- senses the flashes of light that occur as the radiation strikes and thus measures the number of decay events per unit of time, Photographic film.

- Henri Becquerel discovered this method of detecting radiation as far back as 1896. He found that invisible rays would affect silver emulsions on photographic plates just like light rays would. This is the principle behind the film badge. Radiation that strikes photographic film affects it much the way light does. The difference is that radiation can penetrate through materials that can stop light. A result, photographic film can be used to test for radioactivity

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