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Scintigraphy
Renal Scintigraphy
GI Scintigraphy
An Overview
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Follow up of pulmonary embolism
Lung viability (for lobectomy/
pneumonectomy, lung volume reduction
surgery, lung transplantation)
Righttoleft shunt
10/15/08
Pulmonary
Thromboembolism
Most commonly originate in pelvic and proximal leg
DVT
A common, recurrent, often fatal, disease
Clinical manifestations are inconsistent and
nonspecific
Routine laboratory data are not reliable
Gold standard of diagnosis: pulmonary angiography
10/15/08
Lung Perfusion Imaging
Lungs contain:
200 million precapillary arterioles (lumen ~8 µm)
200300 billion alveolar capillaries (lumen ~35 µm)
Millions of terminal arterioles (lumen ~100 µm)
Principles
Particles of 710 µm diameter are too small to pass
through the pulmonary capillary bed
Particles are distributed throughout lungs in direct
proportion to pulmonary arterial blood flow
10/15/08
Lung Perfusion Tracer
Tc99mMAA (macroaggregated
albumin)
Mean particle size 40 µm (range: 10
90 µm)
Biological halflife (in lungs): 29 hr
Dosimetry: lungs: 1.02 cGy/185 MBq
(critical organ)
10/15/08
Normal Perfusion Scan
Uniform tracer distribution (supine injection)
Lung contours smooth
Defects due to cardiac, mediastinal and spinal structures
No systemic tracer deposition
10/15/08
Ventilation Radiotracers
Volume radiotracers
Xe133 (t1/2 5.3 d, 81 keV)
Xe127 (t1/2 36.4 d, 203 keV)
Ventilation radiotracers
Kr81m (t1/2 13 s, 191 keV)
Tc99mDTPA (t1/2 20 min, 140 keV)
Technegas, Pertechnegas
10/15/08
Normal Xe133
Ventilation Scan
Singlebreath image:
Lung contours same
as in perfusion scan
Equilibrium image:
virtually identical to
first image
Washout images:
uniform clearance
within each lung
10/15/08
Scan Reading
Perfusion scan
Identify location, size and completeness of
the defects
Ventilation scan
Compare if perfusion defects are matched or
not
Refer to bronchopulmonary segment
chart
Use established criteria for interpretation
10/15/08
A 26 year old male with sudden loss of consciousness and sudden
death syndrome. Chest Xray was clear.
10/15/08
Matched Defect: Tumor
Nonsegmental
perfusion defect
Matching
ventilation defect
Mediastinal mass
seen on CXR
10/15/08
A 65 year old male with recent leg fracture and a history of a
high probability V/Q scan 8 years prior was admitted with chest
pain, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. His chest xray was clear. He was
referred fro V/Q scintigraphy.
10/15/08
A 62 year old man presented to the emergency room with
dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxemia. Acute myocardial infarction
was excluded. An emergency V/Q scan was performed. An
admission xray was taken
10/15/08
Thrombolysis
Patient with
highprobability
scan given
thrombolytic
therapy
Repeat scan
after 5 months
shows nearly
complete
resolution of all
defects
10/15/08
Leg Venography
10/15/08
Summary
Perfusion and ventilation imaging
provides an elegant and intuitive way to
diagnose pulmonary embolism
Interpretation of VQ scans is simplified
by classifying as nondiagnostic all scans
that are neither normal nor high
probability
VQ imaging continues to play a major
role in the noninvasive diagnosis of
pulmonary thromboembolism
10/15/08
Renal DMSA Renal Scan
detection of cortical defects
looking for perfusion defects
detection of renal scars/fibrosis
quantitative assessment of function
differential renal contribution
10/15/08
Tc99m
dimercaptosuccinic acid
(DMSA)
Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
taken up by the proximal tubular cells, directly
from the peritubular vessels
located in the outer layer of the kidneys
minimal activity in the medulla and the
calyces
10/15/08
not recommended to reach a
conclusion concerning presence of
renal sequelae based on the results
of an acute ‘DMSA’ scan
* permanent lesions can only be
reported on the basis of late control
studies, at least 6 months after the
acute infection.
10/15/08
Lesions are described as
single or multiple
small or large
with or without volume loss
renal contours can be normal, indistinct,
irregular or absent
small or swollen kidneys
10/15/08
Normal DMSA Renal Scan
10/15/08
Scarring/ Inflammation
and a Normal DMSA Scan
10/15/08
Renal
Scarring/Inflammation
10/15/08
Renal Scarring
10/15/08
Choosing a
renal functional agent
Glomerular and tubular agents are
interchangeable for split renal function, ACE
inhibitor, and diuretic renography in most
patients with normal or nearnormal renal
function
For patients with known severe renal
insufficiency, tubular agents are preferable
because of their higher extraction fraction.
10/15/08
Tc-DTPA (Diethylenetriamine-pentacetic acid)
10/15/08
Renogram Patterns
10/15/08
Adequate perfusion and
function, both kidneys
10/15/08
Poorly functioning left
kidney
10/15/08
Kidney Transplant Patient
10/15/08