INTRODUCTION

Metrology is the science of measurement, and measurement is the language of science, which we use to communicate about size, quantity, position, condition and time

Objective
To measure scientifically To inspect and check measurement parameters To verify specification To form standard To relate to standard To find exact dimesions

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Measurement is obtained by comparing with a standard (of known dimension) and this standard is called primary standard In order to measure there must be a standard, and that standard must be reproducible.

STANDARD DEFINITION
Something that is verified and approve by society and being reference to make the measurement. General standard for measurement
I. Known quantity II. Accepted III. Reference

Linear Measurement
Length Height Width Diameter Depth Distance radius

Linear measurement standard

Line standard -length is defined as the distance between scribed parallel lines across the references End standard -length is defined as the distance between 2 flat and parallel surface at the 2 ends of the reference

Angle Measurement
Standard unit for angle measurement is degree, minute, and sec. Radian always been used in mathematical experiments. Measurement kit to be used in angle measurement is depends on the components and precision required. Sine bar, angle gauge, spirit level and optical measurement kit always been used for precision measurement.

1. Profile Measurement
Profile measurement is a method used to measure surface of material, which in this case, screw thread. In standardization, a profile consists of an agreed-upon subset and interpretation of a specification. This is a projection method by using profile projector or microscope that can produce an enlarge projection shadow of an object .

PROCEDURE
1. Experiment started by using suitable magnification and the focusing knob was adjusted to ensure the shadow obtained is sharp and clear. 2. Movements can be made through micrometer adjustment.
i. ii. iii. iv. v. Major diameter Minor diameter Pitch Thread angle Depth of thread

3. All parameters were measured on the specimen. 4. For major, minor, and depth of thread y direction movement was adjusted to get measurement. 5. For pitch x direction movement was adjusted. 6. Step 1 until 5 were repeated for different position on the same specimen for three times.

2. Surface Roughness Measurement

Surface Roughness Measurement not only for improved control of dimensional accuracy but also of the texture and geometric from of both working and non-working surfaces of components. There are three main factors which have made the control of surface texture important: -fatigue life -bearing properties -wear

Types of Surfaces
Surface A surface is a boundary that separates an object from another object or substance.
Nominal Surface A nominal surface is the intended surface. The shape and extent of a nominal surface are usually shown and dimensioned on a drawing. The nominal surface does not include intended surface roughness.

 Real Surface A real surface is the actual boundary of an object. It deviates from the nominal surface as a result of the process that created the surface. The deviation also depends on the properties, composition, and structure of the material the object is made of.

Measured Surface A measured surface is a representation of the real surface obtained with some measuring instrument. This distinction is made because no measurement will give the exact real surface. Later portions of this manual describe many different types of measuring instruments.

 A surface can never be perfectly smooth and will always have two components of surface texture namely roughness and waviness as shown in figure below.

 Surface texture includes roughness and waviness. Many surfaces have lay: directional striations across the surface. Roughness Roughness includes the finest (shortest wavelength) irregularities of a surface. Roughness generally results from a particular production process or material condition. Waviness Waviness includes the more widely spaced (longer wavelength) deviations of a surface from its nominal shape. Waviness errors are intermediate in wavelength between roughness and form error.

 Lay Lay refers to the predominant direction of the surface texture. Ordinarily lay is determined by the particular production method and geometry used. Turning, milling, drilling, grinding, and other cutting tool machining processes usually produce a surface that has lay.

 Center Line The center line of a profile is the line drawn through a segment (usually a sample length) of the profile such that the total areas between the line and the profile are the same above and below the line. This concept is little used in modern instruments; it mainly served as a graphical method for drawing a mean line on the output of a profile recording instrument with no builtin parameter processing.

Apparatus
1. A Roughness Measuring Machine System (Surface GV-600; Mitoyo Auto Leveling Table. 2. A Specimen-Piston. 3. A Planimeter.

Procedure
1. A cut off wavelength of 0.8 mm was selected on the machine. The machine was set to a Vertical Magnification of 1900 and Horizontal Magnification of 50. 2. The specimen was placed on the Auto Leveling Table at a suitable position so that when the pick-up head was lowered, its stylus contacted the surface of the specimen. 3. The machine was set to record the measurement.

4. The roughness profile graph for the specimen was obtained. 5. For the manual process : i. The centerline of the graph was drawn. ii. The areas above and below the centerline were measured using a digital planimeter. Three measurements have been taken. iii. The CLA value was calculated. 6. The manually calculated result was then been compared with the computerized value of CLA

Error
Systematic Errors -Errors that are introduced systematically and consistently. -They exist no matter what steps are taken to avoid them. -They normally associate with the quality of the equipment or the instruments being used or calibration errors, errors of techniques and the condition of surrounding factors.

 Accidental Errors -Also known as random errors, blunders and mistakes. -It is quite impossible to predict their magnitudes and signs.

Conclusion