CHAPTER 2

Network Parameters
By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang
Prof Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Impedance and Admittance matrices
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

n nn n n
n
n
n I
I
I
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
V
V
V
.
.
. .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .
. .
.
.
2
1
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
2
1
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

n nn n n
n
n
n V
V
V
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
I
I
I
.
.
. .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .
. .
.
.
2
1
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
2
1
Impedance matrix
Admittance matrix
For n ports network we can relate the voltages and currents by impedance
and admittance matrices
| | | |
1
= Z Y
where
Reciprocal and Lossless Networks
Reciprocal networks usually contain nonreciprocal media
such as ferrites or plasma, or active devices. We can show
that the impedance and admittance matrices are symmetrical,
so that.
Lossless networks can be shown that Z
ij
or Y
ij
are imaginary
ji ij ji ij
Y Y or Z Z = =
Refer to text book Pozar pg193-195
Example
Find the Z parameters of the two-port T network as shown below
Z
B
Z
C
Z
A
Solution
V
1 V
2
I
1
I
2
C A
I
Z Z
I
V
Z + = =
=0
1
1
11
2
( )
C
C B
C
C B
C B
C
I
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
I
V
I
V
Z =
+
+ =
+
= =
=
2
2
0
2
1
12
1
Port 2 open-circuited
Port 1 open-circuited
C B
I
Z Z
I
V
Z + = =
=0
2
2
22
1
Similarly we can show that
C
I
Z
I
V
Z = =
=0
1
2
21
2
This is an example of reciprocal network!!
S-parameters
Microwave device
Port 1
Port 2
V
i1
V
r1
V
t2
V
i2
V
r2
V
t1
Transmission and reflection coefficients
i
t
V
V
= t
i
r
V
V
=
Input signal
reflected signal
transmitted signal
S-parameters
Voltage of traveling wave away from port 1 is
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 i
i
t
i
i
r
b
V
V
V
V
V
V
V + =
Voltage of
Reflected wave
From port 1
Voltage of
Transmitted wave
From port 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 i
i
r
i
i
t
b
V
V
V
V
V
V
V + =
Voltage of transmitted wave away from port 2 is
Let V
b1
= b
1
, V
i1
=a
1
, V
i2
=a
2
,

,
2
2
12
i
t
V
V
= t ,
1
1
1
i
r
V
V
=
2
2
2
and
i
r
V
V
=
1
1
21
i
t
V
V
= t
Then we can rewrite
S-parameters
2 12 1 1 1
a a b t + =
2 2 1 21 2
a a b t + =
Hence
In matrix form
(

=
(

2
1
2 21
12 1
2
1
a
a
b
b
t
t
(

=
(

2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
a
a
S S
S S
b
b
S-matrix
S
11
and S
22
are a measure
of reflected signal at port
1 and port 2 respectively
S
21
is a measure of gain or
loss of a signal from port 1
to port 2.
S12 ia a measure of gain or
loss of a signal from port 2
to port 1.

Logarithmic form
S
11
=20 log(
1
)
S
22
=20 log(
2
)
S
12
=20 log(t
12
)
S
21
=20 log(t
21
)
S-parameters
0
1
11
2
1
=
=
r
r
V
i
V
V
S
0
2
2
12
2
=
=
r
V
i
t
V
V
S
0
1
1
21
1
=
=
r
V
i
t
V
V
S
0
2
2
22
1
=
=
r
V
i
r
V
V
S
V
r2
=0 means port 2 is matched
V
r1
=0 means port 1 is matched
Multi-port network
network
Port 1
Port 4
Port 5
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

5
4
3
2
1
55 54 53 52 51
45 44 43 42 41
35 34 33 32 31
25 24 23 22 21
15 14 13 12 11
5
4
3
2
1
a
a
a
a
a
S S S S S
S S S S S
S S S S S
S S S S S
S S S S S
b
b
b
b
b
Example
8.56 O 8.56 O
141.8 O
Below is a matched 3 dB attenuator. Find the S-parameter of the circuit.
Solution
Z
1
=Z
2
= 8.56 O and Z
3
= 141.8
O
By assuming the output port is terminated by Z
o
= 50 O,
then
o in
o in
V
i
r
Z Z
Z Z
V
V
S
r
+

= = =
=

0
1
1
11
2
| | O = + + + + = 50 ) 50 56 . 8 8 . 141 /( ) 50 56 . 8 ( 8 . 141 56 . 8
0
50 50
50 50
11
=
+

= S
Because of symmetry , then S
22
=0
| | ) //(
2 3 1 o in
Z Z Z Z Z + + =
Continue
0
2
2
21
2
=
=
r
V
i
t
V
V
S
From the fact that S
11
=S
22
=0 , we know that V
r1
=0 when port 2 is
matched, and that V
i2
=0. Therefore V
i1
= V
1
and V
t2
=V2
1 1
3 3 1 3 2
3 2
1 2 2
707 . 0
56 . 8 50
50
56 . 8 44 . 41
44 . 41
//
//
V V
Z Z
Z
V
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
V V V
o
o
o
o
o
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
8.56 O 8.56 O
141.8 O
V
1 V
2

Therefore S
12
= S
21
= 0.707
V
o
| |
(

=
0 707 . 0
707 . 0 0
S
Lossless network
For lossless n-network , total input power = total output power. Thus

= =
=
n
i
i i i
n
i
i
b b a a
1
* *
1
Where a and b are the amplitude of the signal
Putting in matrix form a
t
a
*
= b
t
b
*

=a
t
S
t
S
*
a
*

Thus a
t
(I S
t
S
*
)a
*
=0 This implies that S
t
S
*
=I
Note that b
t
=a
t
S
t
and b
*
=S
*
a
*

In summation form
)
`

=
=
=

=
j i for
j i for
S S
kj
n
k
ki
0
1
*
1
Called unitary
matrix
Conversion of Z to S and S to Z
| | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) U Z U Z S + =
1
| | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) S U S U Z + =
1
where
| |
(
(
(
(

=
1 . . 0
. 1 . .
. . . 0
0 . 0 1
U
Reciprocal and symmetrical network
For reciprocal network
| | | |
t
U U =
Since the [U] is diagonal , thus
| | | |
t
Z Z =
| | | |
t
S S =
Since [Z] is symmetry
Thus it can be shown that
Example
A certain two-port network is measured and the following scattering
matrix is obtained:



From the data , determine whether the network is reciprocal or lossless. If
a short circuit is placed on port 2, what will be the resulting return loss at
port 1?
| |
(
(

Z Z
Z Z
=
o o
o o
S
0 2 . 0 90 8 . 0
90 8 . 0 0 1 . 0
Solution
Since [S] is symmetry, the network is reciprocal. To be lossless, the S
parameters must satisfy
)
`

=
=
=

=
j i for
j i for
S S
kj
n
k
ki
0
1
*
1
|S
11
|
2
+ |S
12
|
2
= (0.1)
2
+ (0.8)
2
= 0.65
Since the summation is not equal to 1, thus
it is not a lossless network.
For i=j
continue
Reflected power at port 1 when port 2 is shorted can be calculated as follow
and the fact that a
2
= -b
2
for port 2 being short circuited, thus
b
1
=S
11
a
1
+ S
12
a
2
= S
11
a
1
- S
12
b
2

b
2
=S
21
a
1
+ S
22
a
2
= S
21
a
1
- S
22
b
2

(1)
(2)
From (2) we have
a
2

-a
2
=b
2

Short at port 2
1
22
21
2
1
a
S
S
b
+
=
( )( )
633 . 0
2 . 0 1
8 . 0 8 . 0
1 . 0
1
22
21 12
11
1
2
12 11
1
1
=
+
=
+
= = =
j j
S
S S
S
a
b
S S
a
b

Dividing (1) by a
1
and substitute the result in (3) ,we have
(3)
( ) dB 97 . 3 633 . 0 log 20 log 20 = = Return loss
ABCD parameters
Network V
1

V
2

I
1
I
2

Voltages and currents in a general circuit
1 2 2
V V I
2 1 2
I I V
This can be written as
2 2 1
I V V
2 2 1
I V I +
Or
2 2 1
BI AV V = 2 2 1
DI CV I =
A ve sign is included in the definition of D
In matrix form




Given V
1
and I
1
, V
2

and I
2
can be
determined if ABDC
matrix is known.
(

=
(

2
2
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
Cascaded network
a
b
I
1a
V
1a
I
2a
V
2a
V
1b
I
1b I
2b
V
2b
(

=
(

a
a
a a
a a
a
a
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
2
2
1
1
(

=
(

b
b
b b
b b
b
b
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
2
2
1
1
However V
2a
=V
1b
and I
2a
=I
1b
then

(

=
(

b
b
b b
b b
a a
a a
a
a
I
V
D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V
2
2
1
1
Or just convert to one matrix
(

=
(

b
b
a
a
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
2
2
1
1
Where
(

=
(

b b
b b
a a
a a
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
The main use of ABCD matrices are
for chaining circuit elements together
Determination of ABCD parameters
2 2 1
BI AV V =
2 2 1
DI CV I =
Because A is independent of B, to determine A put I
2
equal to zero and determine
the voltage gain V1/V2=A of the circuit. In this case port 2 must be open circuit.
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
V
A
for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
for port 2 open circuit
for port 2 short circuit
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
I
C
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
I
D
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
V
B
ABCD matrix for series impedance
Z
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
V
A
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
V
B
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
I
C
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
I
D
for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
for port 2 open circuit
for port 2 short circuit
V
1
= V
2
hence A=1
V
1
= - I
2
Z hence B= Z
I
1
= - I
2
= 0 hence C= 0 I
1
= - I
2
hence D= 1
The full ABCD matrix can be written
(

1 0
1 Z
ABCD for T impedance network
Z
1
Z
2

Z
3

V
1
I
1 I
2
V
2
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
V
A for port 2 open circuit
1
3 1
3
2
V
Z Z
Z
V
+
=
then
therefore
3
1
3
3 1
2
1
1
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
V
V
A + =
+
= =
Continue
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
V
B
for port 2 short circuit
1
3 2
3 2
1
3 2
3 2
2
V
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
V
Z
+
+
+
=
Solving for voltage in Z
2

But
2 2
2
Z I V
Z
=
Hence
3
2 1
1 2
2
1
Z
Z Z
Z Z
I
V
B + + =

=
I
2
Z
1

Z
3

Z
2

V
Z
2
Continue
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
I
C
for port 2 open circuit
I
1
I
2

Z
1

Z
3

V
2

3 1 3 2 2
Z I Z I V = =
1 2
I I =
3 2
1
1
Z V
I
C = =
Therefore
Analysis
Continue
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
I
D
for port 2 short circuit
I
2
Z
1

Z
3

Z
2

V
Z
2
1
3 2
3
2
I
Z Z
Z
I
+

=
I
1

I
1
is divided into Z
2
and Z
3
, thus
Hence
3
2
2
1
1
Z
Z
I
I
D + =

=
Full matrix
(
(
(
(

+
+ + +
3
2
3
3
2 1
2 1
2
1
1
1
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
ABCD for transmission line
Input
V
1

I
1

V
2

I
2

Z
o

Transmission line
z =0
z = -

For transmission line

z t j
b
z t j
f
e e V e e V z V
e e
+ =

) (
( )
z t j
b
z t j
f
o
e e V e e V
Z
z I
e e
=

1
) (
b
b
f
f
o
I
V
I
V
Z = =
f and b represent forward and backward propagation voltage and current
Amplitudes. The time varying term can be dropped in further analysis.
z t j
b
z t j
f
e e V e e V
e e
+

continue
At the input z = -

+
+ = = e V e V V V
b f
) (
1
( )

= = e V e V
Z
I I
b f
o
1
) (
1
At the output z = 0
b f
V V V V + = = ) 0 (
2
( )
b f
o
V V
Z
I I = =
1
) 0 (
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Now find A,B,C and D using the above 4 equations
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
V
A for port 2 open circuit
For I
2
=0 Eq.( 4 ) gives V
f
= V
b
=V
o
giving
continue
From Eq. (1) and (3) we have
) cosh(
2
) (

=
+
=

o
o
V
e e V
A
Note that
2
) (
) cosh(
x x
e e
x

+
=
2
) (
) sinh(
x x
e e
x

=
0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
V
B
for port 2 short circuit
For V
2
= 0 , Eq. (3) implies V
f
= V
b
= V
o
. From Eq. (1) and (4) we have
) sinh(
2
) (

o
o
o o
Z
V
e e V Z
B =

=

continue
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
I
C
for port 2 open circuit
For I
2
=0 , Eq. (4) implies V
f
= V
b
= V
o
. From Eq.(2) and (3) we have
o o o
o
Z Z V
e e V
C
) sinh(
2
) (

=

0
2
1
2
=

=
V
I
I
D for port 2 short circuit
For V
2
=0 , Eq. (3) implies V
f
= -V
b
= V
o
. From Eq.(2) and (4) we have
) cosh(
2
) (

+
=

o o
o o
V Z
e e V Z
D
continue
The complete matrix is therefore
(
(

) cosh(
) sinh(
) sinh( ) cosh(

o
o
Z
Z
(
(

) cos(
) sin(
) sin( ) cos(

k
Z
k
j
k jZ k
o
o
When the transmission line is lossless this reduces to
Note that
) cos( ) cosh( k jk =
) sin( ) sinh( k j jk =
jk + =o
Where
o= attenuation
k=wave propagation
constant
Lossless line
o = 0
Table of ABCD network
Transmission line
Series impedance
Shunt impedance
(
(

) cosh(
) sinh(
) sinh( ) cosh(

o
o
Z
Z
(

1 0
1 Z
(
(

1
1
0 1
Z
Z
Z
Table of ABCD network
T-network
t-network
(
(
(
(

+
+ + +
3
2
3
3
2 1
2 1
2
1
1
1
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
(
(
(
(

+ + +
+
1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2
3
1
1 1
1
Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
(
(

n
n
1
0
0
Ideal transformer
n:1
Z
1

Z
2

Z
3

Z
3

Z
1

Z
2

Short transmission line
(
(

=
) cos(
) sin(
) sin( ) cos(

k
Z
k
j
k jZ k
ABCD
o
o
tline
Lossless transmission line
If << then cos(k ) ~ 1 and sin (k ) ~ k then

(
(

=
1
1
1

k
Z
j
k jZ
ABCD
o
o
tlineshort
Embedded short transmission line
Z
1
Z
1

Transmission line
(
(

(
(

(
(

=
1
1
0 1
1
1
1
1
1
0 1
1 1
Z
k
Z
j
k jZ
Z
ABCD
o
o
embed

(
(
(
(

+ + +
+
=
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Z
k jZ
Z
k
j
Z
k jZ
Z
k jZ
Z
k jZ
ABCD
o
o
o
o
o
embed

Solving, we have
Comparison with t-network
(
(
(
(

+ + +
+
=

1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2
3
1
1 1
1
Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
ABCD
net t
(
(
(
(

+ + +
+
=
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Z
k jZ
Z
k
j
Z
k jZ
Z
k jZ
Z
k jZ
ABCD
o
o
o
o
o
embed

It is interesting to note that if we substitute in ABCD matrix in t-network,

Z
2
=Z
1
and Z
3
=jZ
o
k we see that the difference is in C element where we
have extra term i.e

o
Z
k
j

o
o
Z
k
Z
k Z
>>
2
1
Both are almost same if
So the transmission line
exhibit a t-network
Comparison with series and shunt
Series
If Z
o
>> Z
1
then the series impedance
k jZ Z
o
=
This is an inductance which is given by
c
Z
L
o

=
Where c is a velocity of light
Shunt
If Z
o
<< Z
1
then the series impedance
c Z
C
o

= This is a capacitance which is given by

o
Z
k
j Z

=
Equivalent circuits
Z
o
Z
o

Z
oc

Z
o
Z
o

Z
oL

c
Z
L
o

=
c Z
C
o

=
Z
o
>> Z
1
Z
o
<< Z
1
Transmission line parameters
C
B
Z
o
=
( )
|
.
|

\
|
= =

1 ln
1
cosh
1
2 1
A A A

It is interesting that the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of a

transmission line can be determined from ABCD matrix as follows
Conversion S to ABCD
( )
(
(

+ +
+
+ + +
=
(

D Z C Z B A Z Z
BC AD Z D Z C Z B A Z
D Z C Z B A Z
S S
S S
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
2
2
2
22 21
12 11
2
2 1
For conversion of ABCD to S-parameter
For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
(
(

+ +
+ + + +
=
(

21 12 22 11 21 12 22 11
21 12 22 11 21 12 22 11
21
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
2
1
S S S S S S S S
Z
S S S S Z S S S S
S D C
B A
o
o
Z
o
is a characteristic impedance of the transmission line connected to the
ABCD network, usually 50 ohm.
MathCAD functions for conversion
For conversion of ABCD to S-parameter
For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter
( )
(

+ +
+
+ + +
=
2 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 1 1 , 1
1 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 1 1 , 1
2 , 2 1 . 2 2 , 1 1 , 1
. . . . . 2
. . . . 2 . . . .
. . . .
1
) (
A Z A Z Z A A Z Z
A A A A Z A Z A Z Z A A Z
A Z A Z Z A A Z
A S
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
(
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
=
1 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 1
1 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 1 , 1
1 , 2
. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 .
1
. 1 . 1 . . 1 . 1
.
. 2
1
) (
S S S S S S S S
Z
S S S S Z S S S S
S
S A
o
Odd and Even Mode Analysis
Usually use for analyzing a symmetrical four port network
Equal ,in phase excitation even mode
Equal ,out of phase excitation odd mode
(1) Excitation
(2) Draw intersection line for symmetry and apply
short circuit for odd mode
Open circuit for even mode
(3) Also can apply EM analysis of structure
Tangential E field zero odd mode
Tangential H field zero even mode
(4) Single excitation at one port= even mode + odd mode
Example 1
Line of
symmetry
1
2
4
3
| |
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
od ev od ev od ev od ev
od ev od ev od ev od ev
od ev od ev od ev od ev
od ev od ev od ev od ev
S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S
S
44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41
34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31
24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21
14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11
2
1
The matrix contains the odd and even parts
Since the network is symmetry, Instead of 4 ports , we can only analyze 2 port
Edge coupled line
continue
We just analyze for 2 transmission lines with characteristic Z
e
and Z
o

respectively. Similarly the propagation coefficients |
e
and |
o
respectively.
Treat the odd and even mode lines as uniform lossless lines. Taking ABCD
matrix for a line , length l, characteristic impedance Z and propagation
constant |,thus
(
(

=
) cos(
) sin(
) sin( ) cos(

|
|
| |
Z
j
jZ
ABCD
tline
| |
( )
(
(

+ +
+
+ + +
=
D Z C Z B A Z Z
BC AD Z D Z C Z B A Z
D Z C Z B A Z
S
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
2
2
2
2
2 1
Using conversion
continue
| |
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
Z
Z Z
j Z
Z
Z
Z Z
j
Z
Z Z
j Z
S
o
o
o
o
o
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
sin 2
2 sin
sin cos 2
1

|
|
| |
Taking
2
t
| =
Then
| |
(
(

+
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
o o
o o
o
Z Z ZZ j
ZZ j Z Z
Z Z
S
(equivalent to quarter-wavelength transmission line)
continue
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

2-port network
matrix
Convert to
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
33

S
44

S
34

S
43

S
13

S
14

S
23

S
24

S
32

S
31

S
42

S
41

4-port network
matrix
Odd + even
continue
Assuming |
ev
= |
od
=
Then
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= = = =
2 2 2 2
23 32 14 41
2
o od
od
o ev
ev o
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z jZ
S S S S
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
2 2 2 2
2
o od
ev od
o ev
o
od
ev
o
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
jZ
2
t
For perfect isolation (I.e S
41
=S
14
=S
32
=S
23
=0 ),we choose Z
ev
and Z
od
such that
Z
ev
Z
od
=Z
o
2
.
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
13

S
23

S
14

S
24

S
31

S
41

S
32

S
42

S
33

S
43

S
34

S
44

ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
Follow symmetrical properties
continue
Similarly we have
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+

= = = =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
44 33 22 11
2
1
o od
o od
o ev
o ev
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
S S S S
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
) )( (
2
1
2 2 2 2
4 2 2
o od o ev
o od ev
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Equal to zero if Z
ev
Z
od
=Z
o
2
.
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
13

S
23

S
14

S
24

S
31

S
41

S
32

S
42

S
33

S
43

S
34

S
44

ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
We have
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = = =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
42 24 13 31
2
1
o od
o od
o ev
o ev
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
S S S S
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
) )( (
) (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
o od o ev
o od ev
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
if Z
ev
Z
od
=Z
o
2
. |
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
od
ev
od
ev
Z Z
Z Z
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
13

S
23

S
14

S
24

S
31

S
41

S
32

S
42

S
33

S
43

S
34

S
44

ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
= = = =
2 2 2 2
43 34 12 21
2
o od
od
o ev
ev o
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z jZ
S S S S
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
od
ev
o
Z Z
jZ
1
if Z
ev
Z
od
=Z
o
2
.
S
11

S
21

S
12

S
22

S
13

S
23

S
14

S
24

S
31

S
41

S
32

S
42

S
33

S
43

S
34

S
44

ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
1
2
41
2
31
2
21
2
11
= + + + S S S S
(1) Power conservation
Reflected
power
transmitted
power to
port 4
transmitted
power to
port 3
transmitted
power to
port 2
Since S
11
and S
41
=0 , then
1
2
31
2
21
= + S S
(2) And quadrature condition
2
21
11
t
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
S
S
Arg
This S-parameter must satisfy network characteristic:
continue
For 3 dB coupler
2
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

od
ev
od
ev
Z Z
Z Z
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

od
ev
od
ev
Z Z
Z Z
or
Rewrite we have
2 2 3
) 2 ( 1
) 2 ( 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
od
ev
Z
Z
In practice Z
ev
> Z
od
so
83 . 5 2 2 3 = + =
od
ev
Z
Z
However the limitation for coupled edge
2 <
od
ev
Z
Z
(Gap size ) also |
ev
and |
od
are not pure TEM
thus not equal
A /4 branch line coupler
Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
1
3
2
4
90
o
90
o
90
o
90
o
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
1 2
90
o
45
o
45
o
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
1 2
90
o
45
o
45
o
O/C O/C
Symmetrical line
Odd
Even
Analysis
Stub odd (short circuit)
1 1 ,
4
tan Z Z X
od s
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
Stub even (open circuit)
1 1 ,
4
cot Z Z X
ev s
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
The ABCD matrices for the two networks may then found :
(
(
(
(

=
(
(

(
(

(
(

=
s
s
s
s s
X
Z
X
jZ
Z
j
jZ
X
Z
jX
Z
j
jZ
jX
ABCD
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
0 1
0
0
1
1
0 1
stub
stub
Transmission
line
continue
| |
( )
(
(

+ +
+
+ + +
=
D Z C Z B A Z Z
BC AD Z D Z C Z B A Z
D Z C Z B A Z
S
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
2
2
2
2
2 1
Convert to S
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Z
Z
j
X
Z Z
j jZ Z
Z
Z
Z
j
X
Z Z
j jZ
Z
Z
j
X
Z Z
j jZ
X
Z Z
o
s
o
o
o
o
s
o
o
s
o
s
o
For perfect isolation we require
0
11 11 11 11
= = +
od ev od ev
S S S S Thus
0
11 11
= =
od ev
S S
0
2
2
2
2
2
2 11
= + =
Z
Z
j
X
Z Z
j jZ S
o
s
o
or 1
2
2
2
2
Z
Z Z
Z Z
X
o
o
s
=

= From
previous
definition
continue
Substituting into S-parameter gives us
| |
(

+
=
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
o
o
o
odd
Z
Z
jZ Z Z
S | |
(

+
=
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
o
o
o
even
Z
Z
jZ Z Z
S
and
Therefore for full four port
( )
o
od ev
Z
Z
j S S S S S S
2
21 21 34 43 12 21
2
1
= + = = = =
( )
2
2
2
21 21 23 32 14 41
1
2
1
o
od ev
Z
Z
S S S S S S = = = = =
And
0
44 33 22 11
= = = = S S S S
0
24 42 13 31
= = = = S S S S
continue
For power conservation and quadrature conditions to be met
Equal split S
2
1
2
21
= =
o
Z
Z
S
or
2
2
o
Z
Z =
And
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
s
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z X =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
If Z
o
= 50 O then Z
2
= 35.4 O