Communicating over the Network

Click to Edit Master Subtitle Network Fundamentals Chapter 2 Style

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Objectives

Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications. Explain the function of protocols in network communications. Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality. Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.
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Elements of Communication

All methods of communication have three things in common. There is source for the message or a sender. There is a destination for the message or a receiver. There is a channel that consists of the media that provides the pathway for the message.
ABC

Receiver

Sender Channel
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Elements of Communication

Devices communicate in exactly the same way.

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Communicating the Messages

In theory, a network communication could be sent as one continuous stream of 1s and 0s. No other device would be able to send or receive messages on the same network.
Significant delays Inefficient use of the channel A lost message entirely retransmitted.

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Communicating the Messages

A better approach is called Segmentation. The data stream is divided into smaller, more manageable segments. Segmentation has two benefits:
Multiplexing: Different transmissions can be interleaved on the network. Reliability Pieces can travel different ways, avoiding congestions If a piece fails, just resend the failed or missing parts

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Communicating the Messages

Segmentation Disadvantage: Increased level of complexity.

The label is a unique sequence number. Handled by protocols that format and address the message.

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Network Components

Devices (end devices, intermediary devices)

end devices that send and receive messages (e.g., computers, VoIP phones) intermediary devices (e.g., hubs, switches, routers) that move messages among different parts of the network. Each type of device plays an important role in moving messages. Different symbols to represent each device

HARDWARE

Media

(Cable or wireless) Services and processes (Software)

SOFTWARE

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services

devices media
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Components of the Network

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End Devices

End devices form interface with human network & communications network Role of end devices (a.k.a. hosts): client, server, or both
client - request and display the information obtained from the server server - provide information and services (E-mail, Web Pages) to other hosts on the network

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PC

VOIP Phones

Mobile Phones

Security Cameras

Blackberry Notebooks Network Printers

Server Wireless scanners

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Intermediary Device

Role of an intermediary device

provides connectivity and ensures data flows across network it directs the path of the data but do not generate or change the data

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Intermediary Device

Processes running on the intermediary network devices perform these functions:

Regenerate and retransmit data signals Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork Notify other devices of errors and communication failures Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings

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Intermediary Device

Examples: - Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) - Internetworking Devices (routers) - Communication Servers and Modems - Security Devices (firewalls)
Switches

Modems Wireless Access Point

Cisco Pix Firewall

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KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

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Routers

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Network Media

Network media - the channel over which a message travels

Metallic wires within cables

Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)

Wireless transmission
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Network Media

The signal encoding that must occur is different for each type of media. Electrical
impulses with specific patterns

Pulses of light in the infrared or visible ranges

Patterns of electromagnetic waves

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Different network media have different features and benefits. Not all network media are appropriate for the same purpose. Criteria for choosing a network media are: The distance the media can successfully carry a signal. The environment in which the media is to be installed. The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted. The cost of the media and installation

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Network Types

Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:

The size of the area covered The number of users connected The number and types of services available

Network types include

LAN WAN Internetworks

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Local Area Networks (LANs)

A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)
-

- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

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The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks

Internetwork

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Network Representations

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Network Representations

Network Interface Card (NIC): Provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device.

Physical Port: A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host or other networking device.

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Network Representations

Interface:

Specialized ports on an internetworking device that connect to individual networks.

Because routers are used to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to as network interfaces.
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Rules That Govern Communications

Protocols:

Are the rules that govern communications.

The format or structure of the message. The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks.

How and when error and system messages are passed between devices.

The setup and termination of data transfer sessions.

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Protocol Suites

Protocol Suite:
A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function. Cannot function without a set of standards that network vendors can follow. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Develops standards in telecommunications, information technology and power generation. Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet standards, RFCs (Request for Comments) Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP

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Protocol Suites

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level service depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels. The lower layers of the stack are concerned with

moving data over the network and providing services to the upper layers the content of the message being sent and the user interface.

the upper layers are focused on

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1

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The Interaction of Protocols

Layered

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Technology Independent Protocols

Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the same sets of protocols.

This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality.

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Layered Models :: TCP/IP and OSI

A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it. Benefits of using a layered model assists in protocol design fosters competition changes in one layer do not affect other layers provides a common language

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Layered Models

Layered models separate the functions of specific protocols.

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Protocol & Reference Model

A reference models provides Two basic types of networking models::protocolmodel provides aa A protocol model and reference models. model that closely matches the common reference for structure of a particular maintaining consistency within protocol suite. all types of network protocols and services. The hierarchical set of related protocols in a suite of a The primary purposetypically represents all the to aid in reference model is functionality required to interface of clearer understandingthe the human and process involved. functionsnetwork with the data network. Ex: Ex: OSI modelTCP/IP model

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Protocol and Reference Models

A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The hierarchical set of related protocols in a suite typically represents all the functionality required to interface the human network with the data network.

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Protocol and Reference Models

Reference Model: Provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services. Not intended to be an implementation specification. Primary purpose is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and process involved.

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Protocol & Reference Model

A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite.

A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services.
OSI

TCP/IP

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

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Protocol data units and encapsulation

As application data is passed down the protocol stack, various protocols add information to it at each level. This is commonly known as the encapsulation process. The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). During encapsulation, the lower layer encapsulates the PDU that it receives from the layer above in accordance with the protocol being used.

At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new appearance. Data Application Layer PDU Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

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The Communication Process

Create Data Pass data to application

Segment and Encapsulate

Decapsulate and Reassemble

Generate on to the media

Receive from the media

Transport through the segment

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Segmentation and Encapsulation

Email Message Data Data Header Header Header Data Data Trailer Data Data

001010011101100101000001111101010001010 1
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Decapsulation and Reassembly

Email Message Data Data Data Header Header Header Data Data Trailer Data Data

001010011101100101000001111101010001010 1
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

The process of sending and receiving messages

Start

the entire TCP segment is encapsulated within an IP packet, which the IP packet is to bits the Network Access layer Ethernet protocol adds Change sent to another label, called thewithin a frame header and trailer. where it is encapsulated IP header. data is broken into TCP segments. Each TCP segment is given a label, called a header

HTML formatted web page data

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Start

HTML formatted web page data

data is broken into TCP segments. Each TCP segment is given a label, called a header

the entire TCP segment is encapsulated within an IP packet, which adds another label, called the IP header.

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the IP packet is sent to the Network Access layer Ethernet protocol where it is encapsulated within a frame header and trailer.

Change to bits

This process is reversed at the receiving host. The data is decapsulated as it moves up the stack toward the end user application.
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OSI Model

Breaks network communication into smaller, more manageable parts.

Makes learning it easier to understand. Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers.

Standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support. Allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other. It is a descriptive scheme.
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OSI Model
Usually referenced by layer number Layers 7 Application 6 Presentation These two layers are not commonly referred to in most instances. 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
All People Seem To Need Data Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do

Processing Please
Cisco

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OSI Model
Layers 7 Application Primary concern: Communications between applications 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network Primary concern: Moving raw data cross the network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
All People Seem To Need Data Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do

Processing Please
Cisco

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OSI and TCP/IP Models Comparison

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OSI Model
OSI Model Layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical (Usually referred to as the Upper Layers) Source and Destination: Process Address Source and Destination: Logical Network Address Source and Destination: Device Physical Address Timing and Synchronization Bits Addressing Encoded Application Data

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

There are various types of addresses that must be included to successfully deliver the data from a source application running on one host to the correct destination application running on another Using the OSI model as a guide, figure shows the different addresses and identifiers that are necessary at each layer.

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Getting Data to the End Device

Encapsulation Process and Addressing 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Header Header Data Data Trailer Email Message

Encoded Data

Process Logical Physical

Header Data

Addressing always includes both the Source and Destination Addresses.

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

The host physical address, is contained in the header of the Layer 2 PDU, called a frame. Layer 2 is concerned with the delivery of messages on a single local network. The Layer 2 address is unique on the local network and represents the address of the end device on the physical media. In a LAN using Ethernet, this address is called the Media Access Control (MAC) address. When two end devices communicate on the local Ethernet network, the frames that are exchanged between them contain the destination and source MAC addresses. Once a frame is successfully received by the destination host, the Layer 2 address information is removed as the data is decapsulated and moved up the protocol stack to Layer 3.

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Getting the Data Through the Internetwork

Layer 3 protocols are primarily designed to move data from one local network to another local network within an internetwork. Layer 3 addresses must include identifiers that enable intermediary network devices to locate hosts on different networks At the boundary of each local network, an intermediary network device, usually a router, decapsulates the frame to read the destination host address contained in the header of the packet, the Layer 3 PDU Routers use the network identifier portion of this address to determine which path to use to reach the destination host.

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Getting Data to the End Device

Layer 2 Addressing 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Delivery on a single local network. Unique on the network and represents the device. Codes placed on the NIC by the manufacturer. Referred to as the physical address or the MAC address.
Data Trailer

Header

Source and Destination Physical or MAC Address

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Getting Data to the End Device

Layer 2 Header

Destination Source MAC MAC Address Address

Data

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Getting Data Through The Network

Layer 3 Addressing 7. 6. 5.

Move data from one local network to another local network. Addresses must identify both the network and the host on that network. Used by routers to determine the best path to the destination host.
Header Data

4. 3. 2. 1.

Source and Destination Logical Network Address (IP, IPX, etc.)

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Getting Data Through the Network

Layer 2 Header

Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Address Address Address Address
Layer 3 Header

Data

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Getting Data to the Right Application

Layer 4 Addressing 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Identifies the specific process or service running on the destination host that will act on the data. Multiple, simultaneous applications.
Data

Header

Process

Under TCP/IP, a port number to identify the application. Port 80: HTTP (Web Browser) Port 25: SMTP (Email) Port 194: IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
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Getting Data to the Right Application

Layer 2 Header Layer 4 Header

Destination Source Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Process Process Address Address Address Address Address Address
Layer 3 Header

Data

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Putting It All Together

MAC

Logical

Port MAC

Destination Source Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Process Process Address Address Address Address Address Address

Data

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Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

OSI Model 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Layer Function User Functionality Character Representation Manage Data Exchange Services to segment, transfer and reassemble the data Network addressing and best path determination Methods for reliable frame exchange over a common media Describe physical characteristics to transmit bits over a common media Segment Packet Frame Bit Router Switch Hub
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Protocol Data Unit

Device

TCP/IP Model

Character

Application

Transport Internet

Network Access

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Too much info?

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Summary

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