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+
=
c
A
c
A
A
A
min
max
min
max
A A
A A
+
=
From the previous equation,
we obtain:
Expressing the product of the two cosines in Eq. (3.7) as the sum of two sinusoidal
waves, one having frequency f
c
+f
m
and the other having frequency f
c
-f
m
, we get
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
1
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
1
) 2 cos( ) ( t
m
f
c
f
c
A t
m
f
c
f
c
A t
c
f
c
A t s + + + = t t t
It is seen from above equation that the first term is identical of carrier wave
and the two additional terms are produced two sideband outlined. The frequency of
the LSB is f
c
-f
m
and the frequency of the USB is f
c
+f
m
.
)] ( ) ( [
4
1
)] ( ) ( [
4
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
m
f
c
f f
m
f
c
f f
c
A
m
f
c
f f
m
f
c
f f
c
A
c
f f
c
f f
c
A f S
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + =
o o
o o
o o
The Fourier transform of s(t) is therefore
Power Relation in the AM Wave
In practice, the AM wave s(t) is a voltage or current wave. In either case, the average
power delivered to a R
L
=1 O resistor by s(t) is comprised of three components:
O = = = = 1 where,
2
2
1
2
2 2
) 2 / (
Power, Carrier
L
R
c
A
L
R
c
A
L
R
c
A
c
P
O = = = = = 1 where,
8
2 2
8
2 2 2
) 2 2 / (
Power, LSB and USB
L
R
c
A
L
R
c
A
L
R
c
A
LSB
P
USB
P
)
2
2
1 ( )
2
2
1 (
2
2
8
2 2
2
2
2
Power, Total
+ = + = + = + + =
c
P
c
A
c
A
c
A
LSB
P
USB
P
c
P
t
P
The ratio of the total sideband power to the total power in the modulated
wave is equal to
which depends only on the modulation factor .
2
2
1
+ =
c
P
t
P
Example: A 0.2 kW carrier is modulated to a modulation factor 0.6. Calculate:
(a) Amplitude of carrier wave, (b) maximum and minimum values of
modulated wave, and (c) low sideband or upper sideband power and (d) total
power of the modulated wave. (Assume load resistance R
L
= 1 O).
Solution: (a) we know that V 20 200 2 2 ;
2
2
1
= = = =
c
P
c
A
c
A
c
P
V 8 4 . 0 20 ) 1 (
min
V; 32 6 . 1 20 ) 1 (
max
(b) = = = = = + =
c
A A
c
A A
W 18
8
400 36 . 0
8
2
) 20 (
2
) 6 . 0 (
Power, LSB (c) =
=
LSB
P
kW 36 . 2 )
2
2
6 . 0
1 ( 200 )
2
2
1 ( Power, Total (d) = + = + =
c
P
t
P
Example: A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10 kW when the modulation
percentage is 60. How much of this is carrier power?
)
2
2
1 ( Power, Total that, know We
+ =
c
P
t
P
Solution: Given, P
t
=10 kW and =0.6, We have to find out, P
c
=?
kW 47 . 8
2
2
) 6 . 0 (
1
kW 10
2
2
1
=
+
=
+
=
t
P
c
P
Example: A certain transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier unmodulated,
and 10.125 kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the
modulation factor.
)
2
2
1 ( Power, Total that, know We
+ =
c
P
t
P
Solution: Given, P
t
=10.125 kW and P
c
=9 kW, We have to find out,
=?
5 . 0 ) 1
9
125 . 10
( 2 ) 1 ( 2 = = =
c
P
t
P
Current Calculation
Let I
c
be the unmodulated current and I
t
the total or modulated current pf an AM
transmitter, both beings rms values. If R
L
is the resistance in which these currents
flow then
2
2
1
2
2
+ = =
L
R
c
I
L
R
t
I
c
P
t
P
2
2
1
+ =
c
I
t
I
2
2
1
+ =
c
I
t
I
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
2
2
c
I
t
I
t
I
c
I
757 . 0 1
2
58 . 10
12
2 1
2
2 = = =
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
I
t
I
<
>
=
t c
t c t v
t v
We may express Eq. (3.19) mathematically as :
) 20 . 3 ( ) ( )] ( ) 2 cos( [ ) (
2
t
p
g t m t
c
f
c
A t v + = t
where g
p
(t) is a periodic pulse train of duty cycle equal to one-half, and period
T=1/f
c
, as in Fig. 3.8.
) 21 . 3 (
1
)] 1 2 ( 2 cos[
1 2
1
) 1 ( 2
2
1
) (
+ =
n
n t
c
f
n
n
t
p
g t
t
Representing this g
p
(t) by
its Fourier series, we have:
Therefore, substituting Eq. (3.21) in (3.20), we find that the load voltage
v
2
(t) consists of the sum of two components:
1. The components
which is the desired AM wave with amplitude sensitivity
k
a
=4/tA
c
. The switching modulator is therefore made more sensitivity by
reducing the carrier amplitude A
c
; however, it must be maintained large
enough to make the diode act like an ideal switch.
) 2 cos( )] (
4
1 [
2
t
c
f t m
c
A
c
A
t
t
+
2. Unwanted components, the spectrum of which contains delta
functions at 0, 2f
c
, and 4f
c
so on, and which occupy frequency intervals of
width 2W centered at 0, 3f
c
, 5f
c
, and so on, where W is the message
bandwidth.
The unwanted terms are removed from the load voltage v
2
(t) by
means of a band-pass filter with mid-band frequency f
c
, and bandwidth
2W, provided that f
c
>2W.
Envelope-Detector
The process of demodulation is used to recover the original
modulating wave from the incoming modulated wave; in effect,
demodulation is the reverse of the modulation process.
The demodulation of an AM wave can be accomplished
using various devices; here, we describe a simple and yet highly
effective device known as the envelop-detector.
An envelop detector of the series type is shown in Fig. 3.7,
which consists of a diode and a resistor-capacitor (RC) filter. The
operation of this envelope detector is as follows.
On a positive half-cycle of
the input signal, the diode is forward-
biased and the capacitor C charges up
rapidly to the peak value of the input
signal.
When the input signal falls
below this value, the diode becomes
reverse-biased and the capacitor C
discharges slowly through the load
resistor R
l
.
The discharging process
continues until the next positive half-
cycle. When the input signal becomes
greater than the voltage across the
capacitor, the diode conducts again
and the process is repeated.
It is assume that the AM wave applied to the envelope detector is supplied
by a voltage source of internal impedance R
s
. The charging time constant R
s
C must
be short compared with the carrier period 1/f
c
, that is,
So that the capacitor C charges rapidly and thereby follows the applied voltage up to
the positive peak when the diode is conducting.
The discharging time constant R
l
C must be long enough to ensure that
the capacitor discharges slowly through the load resistor R
l
between positive
peaks of the carrier wave, but not so long that the capacitor will not discharge at
the maximum rate of change of the modulating wave, that is
Where, W is the message bandwidth.
The result is that the capacitor voltage or detector output is very nearly the
same as the envelop of the AM wave, as illustrated in Fig. 3.7 c. The detector output
usually has a small ripple (not shown in Fig. 3.7c) at the carrier frequency; this ripple
is easily removed by filtering.