JJ102- Electric Technology

Capacitors

Unit Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to:

List the three (3) factors that determine the capacitance of a capacitor Explain electrostatic charge Determine the difference between polarized and nonpolarized capacitors

Introduction
Capacitors are devices that oppose a change of voltage, at their base level are a simple electrical storage device yet the applications for these devices are varied and wide ranging. Capacitors can be used in timing circuits, as electronic filters, and for power factor correction among other uses. Capacitors are used in both AC and DC circuitry.

The Capacitance of a Capacitor

1. The area of the plates 2. The distance between the plates 3. The type of dielectric used

Charging a Capacitor
Electrons are removed from one plate and deposited on the opposite plate

Charging a Capacitor
Current flows until voltage across capacitor is the same as the source voltage

Charging a Capacitor
The capacitor remains charged after the source of voltage (battery) is removed from the circuit

Capacitor Leakage
Leakage is current flow through the dielectric Proportional to the resistance of the dielectric and the charge across the plates

Electrostatic Charge
An electrostatic charge refers to electrical charges that are stationary Static electricity is an electrostatic charge Electrostatic charges are created by removing electrons from one plate and depositing them on the other Energy in a capacitor is stored in the form of an electrostatic charge

Dielectric Stress
A lack of electrons = a positive charge An excess of electrons = a negative charge

Dielectric Stress
When the atoms of the dielectric are under stress they are creating a potential energy, or stored energy Like a drawn bow, the potential energy is being stored When a charged capacitor is discharged it can produce currents of thousands of amperes for short periods of time

Dielectric Stress
Dielectric stress is proportional to the voltage difference between the plates Excessive voltage can cause the dielectric to break down (short) and permit current flow between the plates Capacitors have a voltage rating that should not be exceeded Preventing excessive supply voltage to a capacitor is critical to its life span

Dielectric Constants
A number is assigned to different materials as an indicator of their insulating quality in a capacitor This number is referred to as its dielectric constant Changing the dielectric material of a capacitor changes its capacitance properties

Dielectric Constants
Assume that a capacitor uses air as its dielectric material and has a total capacitance of 1 mF Changing the dielectric material to dry paper would change the capacitance of the capacitor to 3.5 mF

Capacitor Ratings
A farad is the basic unit of capacitance named after Michael Faraday, a famous scientist Symbolized by the letter F One farad = the change of 1 volt across the plates results in the movement of 1 coulomb of current A farad is such a large basic unit of capacitance that it is seldom used for capacitor values

Capacitor Ratings
More common designations of capacitance: mF Microfarad = 1/1,000,000 nF Nanofarad = 1/1,000,000,000 pF Picofarad = 1/1,000,000,000,000 The Picofarad is sometimes referred to as a micro/microfarad with the symbol mmF

Capacitance
characteristic of a capacitor to store electrical energy
Capacitance, (Farad) =
Cas(Coulomb) Bezaupaya(Volt )

Elecrical Energy in Capasitor

1 E QV 2

1 1 Q 2 E CV dan E ( ) 2 C 2

Sample..
A 8pF capacitor is connected to the 600V power supply. Calculate the charge and energy can be stored by the capacitor.???????

Solution
Charge, Q CV

(8 x10 12 )( 600 ) = 4.8 x 10-7 C = 1 E QV (4.8 x1012 )(600) 2.88 x 10-9 Joule Elctrical Energy, 2

Capacitors in Parallel
Has the same effect of increasing the plate area of one capacitor

b)Voltage drop on each capacitor is equal

VC1 VC 2 VC 3 V j
c) Charge in each capacitor

QC1

Vj C1

, QC 2

Vj C2

and QC 3

Vj C3

Capacitors in Series
Has the effect of increasing the distance between the plates / reducing the total capacitance of the circuit

b) Voltage Drop is not equal

VC1 Qj C1
,

VC 2

Qj C2
dan

VC 3

Qj C3

c) Charge For each Capasitor

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q j

sample
Two (2) of the capacitor has a capacitance value of each and 10F 6F connected in series with a 200V power supply. Get; a) Total capacitance b) The charge of the capacitors c) Voltage Drop across each capacitor.

solution
a) Total Capacitance, C j

(6)(10) C1C2 3.75F Cj = C1 C2 6 10

b) Charge for each Capasitor ,

Q1 Q2 Q j C jV (3.75x10 6 )(200) 750x106 750C

c) Voltage Drop for each capasitor

750x106 V1 125V 6 C1 6 x10 Qj

750x106 V2 75V 6 C2 10x10 Qj

The Use Of CAPASITOR

a) Increasing the power factor of electrical circuits. b) Reduce the spark when the switch opens the circuit. c) Reducing the radio repeat interruptions in the starter circuit pendaflour lights. d) Strengthen the electrical current. e) To keep the electrical charge.

The Two Basic Groups of Capacitors

Polarized & Non-Polarized

Non-Polarized Capacitors
Not sensitive to polarity connection May also be referred to as AC capacitors Can be used in AC/DC circuits

Paper / Oil Filled Capacitors

Polarized Capacitors
Also known as electrolytic capacitors They are sensitive to polarity Used only in DC circuits Reversing polarity could cause capacitor damage or explosion Electrolytic capacitors can have very high capacitance in a small case

Variable Capacitors
Capacitance range can be changed within a certain range Contains a moveable set of plates The plates are interleaved with the stationary plates to increase or decrease the capacitance value

A Trimmer Capacitor

Contains one stationary plate and one moveable plate An adjusting screw moves the moveable plate to change the capacitance value

Please Check Your CIDOS for Assignment Thank YOUUUUU !!!!!

Selamat Hari Raya Maaf Zahir Batin WAN NOR HARMAN BIN WAN YAHAYA JJ102 Electrical Technology